欧洲胰岛素阻抗研究组织(EGIR)研究发现胰岛素敏感度会依年龄增加而下降,不过两者关联性会因身体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)校正而消失。[66]老化后胰岛素阻抗性的现象可能来自于腹部脂肪组织增生、骨骼肌肉量降低、生理活动减少、线粒体功能不全、荷尔蒙分泌减退、氧化压力和慢性发炎等。[67][68]
随机血糖高于11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl )且出现典型症状[24]或糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)高于6.5%是也一种诊断糖尿病的方法[10]。2009年,一个由美国糖尿病协会(American Diabetes Association,简称ADA)、国际糖尿病联合会(International Diabetes Federation,简称IDF)和欧洲糖尿病研究协会(European Association for the Study of Diabetes,简称EASD)之专家代表组成的国际专家委员会建议糖尿病诊断应使用48 mmol/mol作为临界值(相当于 HbA1c 6.5%)[77],美国糖尿病协会于2010年采用此建议[78]。只有病患出现典型症状和血糖>11.1 mmol/l(>200 mg/dl)才应该重复进行阳性检验[77]。
糖尿病是最早被记录的疾病之一[21],早在公元前约1500年的埃及手稿将其称为“尿液过多”[161]。据信首个有记载的病例被认为是1型糖尿病[161]。同时期,古印度的医生在同期也发现了该病,由于患者的尿液会引来蚂蚁,因此将其归称为“蜜糖尿”(madhumeha)[161]。而现今所使用的医学术语“diabetes”一词源自希腊文的“siphon”(虹吸管),意思是“在弯管中流动”,描述其多尿的症状。该词是由希腊人孟菲斯之阿波罗尼奥斯(英语:Apollonius (physician))(Apollonius of Memphis)在公元前230年首次使用[161]。根据盖伦的描述,在罗马帝国时期,该病可能属罕见病,在其生涯中仅见两例[161]。
对于本条目名称的用词解释:自从1997年,美国糖尿病学会(ADA)与世界卫生组织(WHO)的专家共同开会决定糖尿病的重新命名,废弃了原来的 NIDDM、误用的Type II(罗马数字),而指定使用 Type 2(阿拉伯数字)。主要是由于医学的新进展以及避免混淆(Type II 近似 Type 11,eleven);并且不使用“Diabetes mellitus Type 2”而是使用“Type 2 diabetes mellitus”(T2DM,其后简称T2D)。台湾国健署及糖尿病学会亦使用“第2型”,非“第二型”,而且不用“第II型”;顺序亦有规定:“2型糖尿病”,非“糖尿病第2型”。参考来源见讨论页。
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