在飽受戰爭蹂躪的波蘭,猶太人口的萎縮可以按照隔都的存在(英語:Ghettos in Nazi-occupied Europe)劃分為不同階段。在隔都成立之前,[45]猶太人逃避迫害不會涉及法外的死刑處罰。[46]一旦隔都與外界隔絕,飢餓和疾病導致的死亡變得猖獗。走私食品和藥品是唯一的緩解方法,林格布魯姆(英語:Emanuel Ringelblum)稱之為「兩個民族間歷史上最精彩的一頁」。[46]在華沙,隔都消耗的食物中有高達80%是非法帶入的。德國人推出的食品券提供了生存所需卡路里的9%.[47]在1940年11月至1943年5月的兩年半時間裏,約有10萬猶太人在華沙隔都死於飢餓和疾病;1940年5月至1944年8月之間的四年多時間裏,羅茲隔都大約有4萬人死於類似原因。[47]到1941年底,隔都的大多數猶太人沒有任何儲蓄來支付黨衛隊進一步提供的散裝食物的費用。[47]德國當局中的「生產主義者」試圖通過將隔都變成企業來使其自我維持,他們的意見僅在德國襲擊波蘭東部的蘇聯佔領區(即巴巴羅薩行動)之後才壓過「消耗主義者」。[48]最主要的隔都通過生產東部前線所需的貨物得到穩定[42],猶太人口的死亡率開始下降(至少是暫時的)。[48]
1942年初春,波蘭總督府開始對境內的所有隔都實施系統清場,此時猶太人唯一的生存機會是逃到「雅利安地帶」。德國人為所謂的「安置列車」實施圍捕;幾乎同一時期,德國的各大工程企業(包括HAHB、[68]埃爾福特的Topf and Sons(英語:Topf and Sons)、以及C.H. Kori GmbH等)為黨衛隊建造了滅絕設施,其建立與圍捕行動直接相關。[69][70][71]
1941年11月10日,漢斯·法郎克將死刑範圍擴大到「以任何方式」援助猶太人的波蘭人,包括「帶他們在家住一晚,或讓他們搭任何類型的便車」,或者「餵養逃跑的猶太人,或賣給他們食物」。[174]該法律在所有主要城市以海報廣而告之。德國人在東部前線上控制的其他地區也發佈了類似的規定。[175]超過700多名波蘭國際義人(英語:Polish Righteous among the Nations)的稱號是追授的,因為他們早已因幫助或庇護他們的猶太鄰居而被德國人殺害。[176]以色列猶太大屠殺紀念館認可的波蘭義人中有許多來自首都。古納爾·保羅森在對華沙猶太人的研究中證明,儘管條件更為嚴峻,但華沙的波蘭公民援助和隱藏猶太人的比例與據信「更安全」的西歐德佔城市相當。[177]
在猶太人區隔都清場期臨近結束時,大量猶太人設法逃到「雅利安」一方,[172]並在波蘭救助者的幫助下生存。納粹佔領期間,大多數波蘭人都在為自身的生存而絕望地鬥爭。他們無法阻止德國人消滅猶太人。1939年至1945年間,有近280萬非猶太(英語:gentile)波蘭人死於納粹手中,15萬人因蘇聯鎮壓而死亡;[183]死亡總數占波蘭戰前人口的五分之一。[184]他們的死因是故意的戰爭行為(英語:World War II casualties of Poland)的結果,[185]包括大規模屠殺、集中營監禁、強迫勞動、營養不良、疾病、綁架和驅逐。[186]然而,有許多波蘭人冒着死亡的風險隱藏整個猶太家庭,或以慈悲為由幫助猶太人。[187]如果猶太人被德國人發現,救助他們的波蘭人有時會被這些猶太人告發,招致總督府內一整個援助網的滅頂之災。[188]沙爾斯基-扎伊德勒(Żarski-Zajdler)引用數據稱,與非猶太波蘭人一同藏匿的猶太人人數約為45萬。[187]可能有100萬名非猶太波蘭人幫助過他們的猶太鄰居。[189]歷史學家理查德·盧卡斯[6]估計波蘭援助者的數量高達300萬;這一數目與其他作者所引用的估計相似。[190][191][192][193]
關於猶太人在大屠殺開始後真正的生存機會的問題持續引起歷史學家的注意。[172]首先,德國人有意讓逃離隔都變得非常困難,猶太人在驅逐到滅絕營之前幾乎無法逃出隔都。驅逐行動被欺騙性地偽裝成「在東方重新安置」。所有通行證都被取消,重建的牆壁減少了大門數量,警察由黨衛隊隊員取代。一些已經被驅逐到特雷布林卡的受害者被迫向家中寫信報平安。還有約3,000人進入了德國的「波蘭人酒店(英語:Hotel Polski)」陷阱。許多隔都猶太人直到最後才相信正在發生的事情,因為事態實際的結果在當時似乎是不可想像的。[172]大衛·朗道(英語:David J. Landau)表示,弱勢的猶太領導可能在屠殺中發揮了作用。[247]以色列·古特曼(英語:Israel Gutman)提出了類似觀點,認為波蘭地下國可能襲擊營地並炸毀通往營地的鐵軌。但正如保羅森所指出的,這樣的想法是後見之明的產物。[172]
David Engel(英語:David Engel (historian)), Poland(PDF), Liberation, Reconstruction, and Flight (1944–1947), The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, pp. 5–6 in current document, YIVO(英語:YIVO), "The largest group of Polish-Jewish survivors spent the war years in the Soviet or Soviet-controlled territories.", 2005, ISBN 9780300119039, [see also:]Golczewski (2000), p. 330, (原始內容(PDF)存檔於December 3, 2013)
Simone Gigliotti. Resettlement. The Train Journey: Transit, Captivity, and Witnessing in the Holocaust. Berghahn Books. 2009: 55 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-1-84545-927-7. (原始內容存檔於2020-09-20).
Levin, Nora. Annexed Territories. The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival, Volume 1 (NYU Press). 1990: 347 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-0-8147-5051-3. (原始內容存檔於2019-09-16). Many Jews associated with the Bund, Zionist organizations, religious life, and 'bourgeois' occupations, were deported in April. The third deportation in June–July 1941 consisted mainly of refugees from western and central Poland who had fled to eastern Poland.[p.347]
Rotbein Flaum, Shirley. Lodz Ghetto Deportations and Statistics. Timeline. JewishGen Home Page. 2007 [26 March 2015]. (原始內容存檔於2015-03-21). Source: Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (1990), Baranowski, Dobroszycki, Wiesenthal, Yad Vashem Timeline of the Holocaust, others.
Rosenberg, Jennifer. The Łódź Ghetto. 2006 [2019-03-19]. (原始內容存檔於2006-04-30). Sources: Lodz Ghetto: Inside a Community Under Siege by Adelson, Alan and Robert Lapides (ed.), New York, 1989; The Documents of the Łódź Ghetto: An Inventory of the Nachman Zonabend Collection by Web, Marek (ed.), New York, 1988; The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry by Yahil, Leni, New York, 1991.
Louis Weber, Contributing Writers. 1939: The War Against the Jews. The Holocaust Chronicle: A History in Words and Pictures. Publications International. April 2000. (原始內容存檔於March 20, 2012) –透過Internet Archive.
Peter Vogelsang, Brian Larsen, The Ghettos of Poland, The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2002, (原始內容存檔於March 6, 2016) –透過Internet Archive
Marek Edelman. The Ghetto Fights. The Warsaw Ghetto: The 45th Anniversary of the Uprising. Literature of the Holocaust, at the University of Pennsylvania. (原始內容存檔於November 25, 2009).
Meehan, Meredith M. Auxiliary Police Units in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–43(PDF). USNA. 2010: 1. (原始內容存檔(PDF)於June 6, 2016). Without the auxiliaries, the Nazis' murderous intentions toward the Jewish population on the Eastern Front would not have been nearly as deadly.
Tal Bruttmann, Mémorial de la Shoah. Report: Mass graves and killing sites in the Eastern part of Europe(PDF). Grenoble: Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education and Research (ITF). 2010 [2019-03-19]. (原始內容(PDF)存檔於2016-08-11). Mass graves resulting from deaths in the ghettos and various places of detention due to mistreatment, starvation ... concern the fate of several hundred thousand Jews. In the Warsaw ghetto alone, more than 100,000 Jews died and were buried in various places.
Thacker, Toby. Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death. Springer. 2016: 236, 258. ISBN 978-0230274228. (原始內容存檔於July 5, 2018). Hitler made the decision to proceed with the mass murder of 'all the Jews of Europe' in the autumn of 1941.
Black, Edwin. IBM and the Holocaust. The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation (Crown Books 2001; Three Rivers Press 2002). 2001. OCLC 49419235. See also: Wikipedia article.(英語:IBM and the Holocaust). (原始內容存檔於April 26, 2012).
Antopal: Brest. The Antopol Ghetto. The ghetto liquidation 'Aktion'. International Jewish Cemetery Project, with links to resources. [November 26, 2017]. (原始內容存檔於August 4, 2017). Deportations to Bronna Gora lasted four days beginning October 15, 1942
Jochen Böhler, Robert Gerwarth. The Waffen-SS: A European History. Oxford University Press. 2017: 30 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-0198790556. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-19). Streibel assigned detachments of Trawniki-trained men(英語:Trawnikis) to guard and operate the killing centres [and] in support of deportation and shooting operations in the General Government.
Edward Crankshaw. Gestapo. A&C Black. 2011: 55–56 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-1448205493. (原始內容存檔於2022-01-01). As part of Amt IV of the R.S.H.A., the SS, SD, Kripo, and Orpo were responsible for `the rounding up, transportation, shooting, and gassing to death of at least three million Jews.´
Mirek Kusibab. HL-Heidelager: SS-TruppenÜbungsPlatz. History of the Range with photographs. Pustkow.Republika.pl. 2013. Historia poligonu Heidelager w Pustkowie. (原始內容存檔於April 18, 2014) (波蘭語).
Terry Goldsworthy. Valhalla's Warriors. A History of the Waffen-SS on the Eastern Front 1941–1945 (Dog Ear Publishing). 2010: 144. ISBN 978-1-60844-639-1 –透過Google Book preview.
Michal Latosinski. Litzmannstadt Ghetto, Lodz. Traces of the Litzmannstadt Getto. A Guide to the Past: Introduction (Litzmannstadt Ghetto homepage). 2015 [12 April 2015]. ISBN 978-83-7415-000-2. (原始內容存檔於December 23, 2017).
Memorial and Museum. Auschwitz as a center for the extermination of the Jews. Jews in Auschwitz. Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and State Museum. 2015 [13 April 2015]. (原始內容存檔於March 20, 2016). Countries of origin, Selection in the camp, Treatment.
Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum (2008), SS-Hauptsturmführer Karl Fritsch "testing" the gas.互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期September 30, 2006,. (Internet Archive: The 64th Anniversary of the Opening of the Auschwitz Camp) Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, Poland (Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu).
Franciszek Piper(英語:Franciszek Piper). Number of deportees by ethnicity. Ilu ludzi zginęło w KL Auschwitz. Liczba ofiar w świetle źródeł i badań, Oświęcim 1992, tables 14–27. Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and State Museum. 2015 [14 April 2015]. (原始內容存檔於September 19, 2016).
Aktion Reinhard(PDF). Yad Vashem. (原始內容存檔(PDF)於March 11, 2017). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. "Aktion Reinhard" was named after Reinhard Heydrich, the main organizer of the "Final Solution"; see also, Treblinka death camp built in June/July 1942 some 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Warsaw.
Musial, Bogdan(英語:Bogdan Musiał) (ed.), "Treblinka – ein Todeslager der Aktion Reinhard," in: "Aktion Reinhard" – Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement, Osnabrück 2004, pp. 257–281.
Alex Bay. The Reconstruction of Belzec, featuring 98 photos. Holocaust History.org. 2015. Belzec. The Nazi Camp for Jews in the Light of Archaeological Sources by Andrzej Kola, translated by Ewa and Mateusz Józefowicz, The Council for the Protection of Memory of Combat and Martyrdom, and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Warsaw-Washington [2000]. (原始內容存檔於August 14, 2014). Belzec survivor Rudolf Reder(英語:Rudolf Reder), author of postwar memoir about Belzec wrote that the camp's gas chambers were rebuilt of concrete. No traces of concrete were found in archaeological studies. Instead, the brick rubble was found in excavations.
Rudolf Reder(英語:Rudolf Reder). Bełżec. 1999 reprint by Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum(英語:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum) with Fundacja Judaica in bilingual format, featuring English translation by Margaret M. Rubel. Preface by Nella Rost (ed.) (Kraków: Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna division of the Central Committee of Polish Jews(英語:Central Committee of Polish Jews)). 1946: 1–65 [28 May 2015]. OCLC 186784721. (原始內容存檔於May 18, 2015) –透過WorldCat..
Lawrence, Geoffrey; et al (編). Session 62: February 19, 1946. The Trial of German Major War Criminals: Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany 7. London: HM Stationery Office. 1946: 111. ISBN 978-1-57588-677-0. (原始內容存檔於May 16, 2013).
Yad Vashem, An Interview With Prof. Yehuda Bauer(PDF), Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies, pp. 28–30 of 58 in current document, 2000, (原始內容存檔(PDF)於March 20, 2009).
Patrick Henry. The Myth of Jewish Passivity. Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis. CUA Press. 2014: 22–23 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-0813225890. Prevalent misconception in most discussions about the Jewish resistance during World War II. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-19).
Isaiah Trunk(英語:Isaiah Trunk), The Attitude of the Councils toward Physical Resistance, Judenrat: The Jewish Councils in Eastern Europe Under Nazi Occupation, U of Nebraska Press: 464–466, 472–474, 1972, ISBN 978-0803294288, (原始內容存檔於January 3, 2014), The highest degree of cooperation was achieved when chairmen, or other leading Council members themselves, actively participated in preparing and executing acts of resistance, particularly in the course of liquidations of ghettos. [Prominent examples include Warsaw,Częstochowa, Radomsko, Pajęczno, Sasów, Pińsk(英語:Pińsk Ghetto), Mołczadź, Iwaniska, Wilno(英語:Wilno Ghetto), Nieśwież, Zdzięcioł (see: Zdzięcioł Ghetto(英語:Zdzięcioł Ghetto)), Tuczyn (Równe), and Marcinkańce (Grodno) among others] 另見: Martin Gilbert(英語:Martin Gilbert), The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy, Collins: 828, 1986
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Resistance during the Holocaust(PDF), The Miles Lerman Center for the Study of Jewish Resistance, p. 6 of 56 in current document, (原始內容存檔(PDF)於August 29, 2017).
Gunnar S. Paulsson(英語:Gunnar S. Paulsson). The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland. Journal of Holocaust Education. Summer–Autumn 1998, 7 (1&2): 19–44. doi:10.1080/17504902.1998.11087056. Relevant excerpt about the 'chances of survival in hiding.'. Keeping in mind that these cases are drawn from published memoirs and from cases on file at Yad Vashem and the Jewish Historical Institute, it is probable that the 5,000 or so Poles who have been recognised as 'Righteous Among the Nations' so far represent only the tip of the iceberg, and that the true number of rescuers who meet the Yad Vashem 'gold standard' is 20, 50, perhaps even 100 times higher (p. 23, § 2; available with purchase).
This last statement is based on the fact that Polish Antisemitism, even during the war, was not murderous in nature and did not speak in terms of outright liquidation except on its outermost fringes. It expressed extreme messages and unequivocal conclusions–the imperative of mass Jewish emigration from Poland–but did not advocate pogroms or genocideWere These Ordinary Poles?
Daniel Blatman Archived copy. [2018-05-19]. (原始內容存檔於May 20, 2018).
Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Drugi Powszechny Spis Ludności, 9.XII.1931(PDF). Polish census of 1931(英語:Polish census of 1931). Table 10, page 30 in current document (Warsaw). 1938. PDF file, direct download. (原始內容存檔(PDF)於April 2, 2015) (波蘭語). Religion and Native Language (total). Section, Jewish: 3,113,933 with Yiddish: 2,489,034 and Hebrew: 243,539.
Zajączkowski, Wacław. Christian Martyrs of Charity(PDF). Washington, D.C.: S.M. Kolbe Foundation. June 1988. pp. 152–178 (1–14 of 25 in current document) [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-0945281009. (原始內容(PDF)存檔於2015-02-18). German military police in Grzegorzówka(英語:Grzegorzówka)[p.153] and in Hadle Szklarskie(英語:Hadle Szklarskie)[p.154] (Przeworsk County) extracted from two Jewish women the names of Christian Poles helping Jews – 11 Polish men were murdered. In Korniaktów forest (Łańcut County)[p.167] a Jewish woman caught in a bunker revealed the whereabouts of the Catholic family who fed her – the whole Polish family were murdered. In Jeziorko, Łowicz County(英語:Jeziorko, Łowicz County),[p.160] a Jewish man betrayed all Polish rescuers known to him – 13 Catholics were murdered by the German military police. In Lipowiec Duży(英語:Lipowiec, Biłgoraj County)(Biłgoraj County),[p.174] a captured Jew led the Germans to his saviors – 5 Catholics were murdered including a 6-year-old child and their farm was burned. There were other similar cases; on a train to Kraków[p.170] the Żegota(英語:Żegota) courier Irena who smuggled four Jewish women to safety was shot dead when one of them lost her nerve.
Hans G. Furth(英語:Hans G. Furth)One million Polish rescuers of hunted Jews?Journal of Genocide Research(英語:Journal of Genocide Research), June 1999, Vol. 1 Issue 2, pp. 227–232; AN 6025705.
Piotr Chojnacki; Dorota Mazek (編). Polacy ratujący Żydów w latach II wojny światowej [Poles rescuing Jews during World War II]. Zeszyty IPN, Wybór Tekstów (Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance). 2008: 7, 18, 23, 31. Kierownictwo Walki Cywilnej w "Biuletynie Informacyjnym" ostrzega "szmalcowników" i denuncjatorów przed konsekwencjami grożącymi im ze strony władz państwa podziemnego. [p.37 in PDF] Ot, widzi pan, sprawa jednej litery sprawia ogromną różnicę. Ratować i uratować! Ratowaliśmy kilkadziesiąt razy więcej ludzi, niż uratowaliśmy. – Władysław Bartoszewski(英語:Władysław Bartoszewski) [p.7]
Barkan, Elazar; Cole, Elizabeth A.; Struve, Kai. Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939–1941. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. 2007: 136, 151 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-3865832405. (原始內容存檔於2019-08-22). In dozens of towns and settlements, attacks were carried out by "militias", "self-defence groups" and opaskowcy (called such for the red armbands they wore), which were made up primarily of Jews and Belarussians.[p.151]
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Jedwabne: The Politics of Apology and Contrition. Panel Jedwabne – A Scientific Analysis. Georgetown University, Washington DC: Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America. June 8, 2002 [2019-03-19]. (原始內容存檔於2013-10-19).
Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan(英語:Marek Jan Chodakiewicz), The Dialectics of Pain互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期August 22, 2006,. Glaukopis, vol. 2/3 (2004–2005). See also: John S. Micgiel, "'Frenzy and Ferocity': The Stalinist Judicial System in Poland, 1944–1947, and the Search for Redress," The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies [ Pittsburgh], no. 1101 (February 1994): 1–48. For concurring opinions see: Krzysztof Lesiakowski and Grzegorz Majchrzak interviewed by Barbara Polak, "O Aparacie Bezpieczeństwa," Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, no. 6 (June 2002): 4–24; Barbara Polak, "O karach śmierci w latach 1944–1956," Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, no. 11 (November 2002): 4–29.
Cantorovich, Irena. Honoring the Collaborators – The Ukrainian Case(PDF). Roni Stauber, Beryl Belsky. Kantor Program Papers. June 2012 [2019-03-19]. (原始內容(PDF)存檔於2017-05-10). When the Soviets occupied eastern Galicia, some 30,000 Ukrainian nationalists fled to the General Government. In 1940 the Germans began to set up military training units of Ukrainians, and in the spring of 1941 Ukrainian units were established by the Wehrmacht.See also: Marek Getter. Policja w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie 1939–1945. Przegląd Policyjny nr 1-2. Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Policji w Szczytnie: 1–22. 1996. WebCite cache. (原始內容存檔於June 26, 2013).
Gross, Jan Tomasz. Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton University Press. 2002: 3. ISBN 978-0-691-09603-2.
Müller, Jan-Werner. Memory and Power in Post-War Europe: Studies in the Presence of the Past. Cambridge University Press. 2002: 47. ISBN 978-0-521-00070-3.
Dr. Frank Grelka. Ukrainischen Miliz. Die ukrainische Nationalbewegung unter deutscher Besatzungsherrschaft 1918 und 1941/42 (Viadrina European University: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag). 2005: 283–284 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-3-447-05259-7. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-17). RSHA von einer begrüßenswerten Aktivitat der ukrainischen Bevolkerung in den ersten Stunden nach dem Abzug der Sowjettruppen.For the German administrative divisions of Polish kresy with prominent Jewish communities destroyed under Nazi occupation, see: Bauer, Yehuda, The Death of the Shtetl, Yale University Press: 1–6, 65, 2009 [2019-03-19], ISBN 978-0300152098, (原始內容存檔於2020-09-26)
Kuwałek, Robert; Riadczenko, Eugeniusz; Marczewski, Adam. Tarnopol. Virtual Shtetl. Translated by Katarzyna Czoków and Magdalena Wójcik: 3–4. 2015 [2019-03-19]. (原始內容存檔於2017-01-31).
Landau, David J.(英語:David J. Landau), Caged — A story of Jewish Resistance, Pan Macmillan Australia, 2000, ISBN0-7329-1063-3. Quote: "The tragic end of the Ghetto [in Warsaw] could not have been changed, but the road to it might have been different under a stronger leader. There can be no doubt that if the Uprising of the Warsaw Ghetto had taken place in August—September 1942, when there were still 300,000 Jews, the Germans would have paid a much higher price."
Pinchuk, Ben Cion. Jewish refugees in Soviet Poland. Marrus, Michael Robert (編). The Nazi Holocaust. Part 8: Bystanders to the Holocaust, Volume 3. Walter de Gruyter. 1989: 1036–1038 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-3110968682. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-19). The range of differences in estimates might give us an idea of the problem's complexity. Thus, Avraham Pechenik estimated the number of refugees at 1,000,000.[p.1038]
Golczewski, Frank. Gregor, Neil , 編. Nazism. The impact of National Socialism (OUP Oxford). 2000: 329–330 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-0191512032. Prof. Czesław Madajczyk(英語:Czesław Madajczyk) ascribed 2,000,000 Polish-Jewish victims to extermination camps, and 700,000 others to ghettos, labour camps, and hands-on murder operations. His stated figure of 2,770,000 victims is regarded as low but realistic. Madajczyk estimated also 890,000 Polish-Jewish survivors of World War II; some 110,000 of them in the Displaced Person camps across the rest of Europe, and 500,000 in the USSR; bringing the number up to 610,000 Jews outside the country in 1945. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-20).Note: some other estimates, see for example: Engel (2005), are substantially different.
Phayer (2000), pp. 113, 117–120, 250. In January 1941 Jan Dobraczynski placed roughly 2,500 children in cooperating convents of Warsaw. Getter took many of them into her convent. During the Ghetto uprising the number of Jewish orphans in their care surged upward.[p.120]
Paul (2009), pp. 16, 63–71, 98, 185. Despite the fact that at least several hundred Sisters of the Family of Mary(英語:Franciscan Sisters of the Family of Mary) risked their lives to rescue Jews, only three of them, MotherMatylda Getter(英語:Matylda Getter) of Warsaw, Sister Helena Chmielewska of Podhajce, and Sister Celina Kędzierska of Sambor (see: Sambor Ghetto(英語:Sambor Ghetto)) have been decorated by Yad Vashem.[p. 84].
Slay, Ben. The Polish Economy: Crisis, Reform, and Transformation. Princeton University Press. 2014: 20–21 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-1400863730. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-02). The Second Republic was obliterated during the Second World War (1939–1945). As a consequence of seven years of brutal fighting and resistance to Nazi and Soviet military occupation, Poland's population was reduced by a third, from 34,849 at the end of 1938, to 23,930 in February 1946. Six million citizens...perished.[pp.19–20] (See Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–46)(英語:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–46)) for supplementary data.)
Włodarczyk, Tamara. Osiedle żydowskie na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945–1950 (na przykładzie Kłodzka)(PDF). Bricha (2.10). 2010. pp. 36, 44–45 (23–24 in PDF). (原始內容存檔(PDF)於April 13, 2016). The decision originated from the military circles (and not the party leadership). The Berihah(英語:Berihah) organization under Cwi Necer was requested to keep the involvement of MSZ and MON a secret.(24 in PDF)The migration reached its zenith in 1946, resulting in 150,000 Jews leaving Poland.(21 in PDF)
Steinlauf, Michael C. Poland. 1996 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 9780801849695. In: David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. The World Reacts to the Holocaust. The Johns Hopkins University Press. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-19).
Albert Stankowski, with August Grabski and Grzegorz Berendt; Studia z historii Żydów w Polsce po 1945 roku, Warszawa, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny(英語:Żydowski Instytut Historyczny) 2000, pp. 107–111. ISBN83-85888-36-5
Kopówka, Edward. The Memorial. Treblinka. Nigdy wiecej, Siedlce 2002, pp. 5–54. Muzeum Walki i Męczeństwa w Treblince. Oddział Muzeum Regionalnego w Siedlcach [Museum of Struggle and Martyrdom at Treblinka. Division of the Regional Museum in Siedlce]. 4 February 2010 [2019-03-19]. (原始內容存檔於2013-10-19).
Hakohen, Devorah. Immigration from Poland. Immigrants in turmoil: mass immigration to Israel and its repercussions in the 1950s and After (Syracuse University Press, 325 pages). 2003. ISBN 978-0-8156-2969-6.
Kopówka, Edward; Rytel-Andrianik, Paweł. Treblinka II Death Camp. Monograph, chapt. 3 [Treblinka II – Obóz zagłady](PDF). Dam im imię na wieki [I will give them an everlasting name. Isaiah 56:5] (Drohiczyńskie Towarzystwo Naukowe [The DrohiczynScientific Society]). 2011 [2019-03-19]. ISBN 978-83-7257-496-1. With list of Catholic rescuers of Jews(英語:Polish Righteous among the Nations) imprisoned at Treblinka I, selected testimonies, bibliography, alphabetical indexes, photographs, English language summaries, and forewords by Holocaust scholars. (原始內容(PDF)存檔於2014-10-10) –透過PDF direct download 20.2 MB (波蘭語).
Musiał, Bogdan(英語:Bogdan Musiał) (ed.), "Treblinka — ein Todeslager der Aktion Reinhard", in: Aktion Reinhard — Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement, Osnabrück 2004, pp. 257–281.