1939年,美国医生阿尔伯特·本克(Albert R. Behnke Jr.)著手研究深海潜水员有“酒醉感”的原因。他在测试对象所呼吸的气体中调整各种气体的比例,并发现潜水员对深度的感觉有所变化。他以此推论,氙气能够用于麻醉。俄罗斯毒理学家尼克拉·拉萨列夫(Nikolay V. Lazarev)曾在1941年研究过氙麻醉药,但直到1946年美国医学家约翰·劳伦斯(John H. Lawrence)才发表了他对老鼠进行的一项实验研究,首次证实了氙作为麻醉药的效用。1951年,美国麻醉师斯图尔特·科林(Stuart C. Cullen)第一次使用氙麻醉药,并成功为两名病人进行了手术。[33]
陨石中的氙同位素比例可以用来研究太阳系的形成和演化。碘氙放射性定年法可以测定核合成至太阳星云中固体物体缩合之间的时间。1960年,物理学家约翰·雷诺(John H. Reynolds)发现某些陨石中的氙-129含量异常高。他推断这是碘-129的衰变产物。这一同位素可经宇宙射线散裂和核裂变缓慢产生,但只有在超新星爆炸中才能大量产生。由于129I的半衰期(1600万年)相对宇宙时长来说非常短,因此可推论从超新星爆炸到陨石凝固之间经过的时间很短。一颗超新星在太阳系形成前不久爆炸,产生129I同位素之馀,可能也导致了前太阳气体云的收缩。[85][86]
科学家利用液态氙热量计[164]来测量伽马射线,并用液态氙寻找大质量弱相互作用粒子(WIMP)。理论预测,当WIMP撞击氙原子核,会移除一颗电子,产生闪烁。如果使用氙,这一闪烁可以轻易地从其他由宇宙射线所造成的能量爆发分辨开来。[24]不过,意大利大萨索国家实验室(Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso)的“XENON”实验以及英国伯比地底实验室(Boulby Underground Laboratory)的ZEPLIN-II和ZEPLIN-III实验都还没有找到证实WIMP存在的证据。虽然没有发现WIMP,但这些实验有助于缩小暗物质的可能属性范围,以及改进相关的物理模型。[165][166]
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