a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India
governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)
Note: Simla was the summer capital of the Government of British India, not of the British Raj, i.e. the British Indian Empire, which included the Princely States.[3]
The proclamation for New Delhi to be the capital was made in 1911, but the city was inaugurated as the capital of the Raj in February 1931.
"Calcutta (Kalikata)", The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol.IX Bomjur to Central India, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p.260, —Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal
"Simla Town", The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol.XXII Samadhiāla to Singhāna, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p.260, —Head-quarters of Simla District, Punjab, and the summer capital of the Government of India, situated on a transverse spur of the Central Himālayan system system, in 31° 6' N and 77° 10' E, at a mean elevation above sea-level of 7,084 feet.
Vejdani, Farzin (2015), Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp.24–25, ISBN978-0-8047-9153-3, Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.
Everaert, Christine (2010), Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp.253–254, ISBN978-90-04-17731-4, It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.
Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-44787-4, As the (Mughal) empire began to decline in the mid-eighteenth century, some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power. Amongst these ... was the East India Company, a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600. The Company gradually expanded its influence in South Asia, in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat, Madras and Calcutta. (The British) expanded their influence, winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. From here, the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent. By 1857, it had direct control over much of the region. The great rebellion of that year, however, demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company's ability to administer these vast territories, and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized, with the British Crown assuming administrative control. Hence began the period known as the British Raj, which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan.
Salomone, Rosemary (2022), The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language, Oxford University Press, p.236, ISBN978-0-19-062561-0, Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.
Ahmed, Omar (2015), Studying Indian Cinema, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), p.221, ISBN9781800347380, The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to 1947.
Wright, Edmund (2015), A Dictionary of World History, Oxford University Press, p.537, ISBN978-0-19-968569-1, More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities […] existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called Crown rule in India
Pykett, Lyn (2006), Wilkie Collins, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, p.160, ISBN978-0-19-284034-9, In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheavel of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the Indian subcontinent by the British.
Lowe, Lisa (2015), The Intimacies of Four Continents, Duke University Press, p.71, ISBN978-0-8223-7564-7, Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British Raj.
Vanderven, Elizabeth (2019), "National Education Systems: Asia", ใน Rury, John L.; Tamura, Eileen H. (บ.ก.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education, Oxford University Press, p.213-227, 222, ISBN978-0-19-934003-3, During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757-1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858-1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be built.
Lapidus, Ira M. (2014), A History of Islamic Societies (3ed.), Cambridge University Press, p.393, ISBN978-0-521-51430-9, Table 14. Muslim India: outline chronology Mughal Empire ... 1526-1858 Akbar I ... 1556-1605 Aurengzeb ... 1658-1707 British victory at Plassey ... 1757 Britain becomes paramount power ... 1818 British Raj ... 1858-1947
Bandhu, Deep Chand. History of Indian National Congress (2003) 405pp
Bandyopadhyay, Sekhar (2004), From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India, Orient Longman. Pp. xx, 548., ISBN978-81-250-2596-2.
Bayly, C. A. (1990), Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 248, ISBN978-0-521-38650-0.
Brown, Judith M. (1994) [First published 1984], Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 474, ISBN978-0-19-873113-9.
Copland, Ian (2001), India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series), Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. Pp. 160, ISBN978-0-582-38173-5
Dodwell H. H., ed. The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858 (1932) 660 pp. online edition; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire
Gilmour, David. The British in India: A Social History of the Raj(2018); expanded edition of The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007) Excerpt and text search
Herbertson, A.J. and O.J.R. Howarth. eds. The Oxford Survey Of The British Empire (6 vol 1914) online vol 2 on Asia pp.1–328 on India
James, Lawrence. Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (2000)
Judd, Denis (2004), The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 280, ISBN978-0-19-280358-0.
Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire (5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj
Ludden, David E. (2002), India And South Asia: A Short History, Oxford: Oneworld, ISBN978-1-85168-237-9
Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950), An advanced history of India
Majumdar, R. C. ed. (1970). British paramountcy and Indian renaissance. (The history and culture of the Indian people) Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
Mansingh, Surjit The A to Z of India (2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia
Marshall, P. J. (2001), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 400 pp., Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press., ISBN978-0-521-00254-7.
Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xxxiii, 372, ISBN978-0-521-68225-1
Moon, Penderel. The British Conquest and Dominion of India (2 vol. 1989) 1235pp; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective;
Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India (1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 excerpt and text search
Wolpert, Stanley (2004), A New History of India (7thed.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-516677-4.
Wolpert, Stanley, ed. Encyclopedia of India (4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars
Wolpert, Stanley A. (2006), Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-539394-1
แหล่งอ้างอิงที่ได้รับการศึกษาเป็นพิเศษ
Baker, David (1993), Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiii, 374, ISBN978-0-19-563049-7
Bayly, Christopher (2000), Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society), Cambridge University Press. Pp. 426, ISBN978-0-521-66360-1
Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (1991), scholarly biography
Brown, Judith M.; Louis, Wm. Roger, บ.ก. (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, ISBN978-0-19-924679-3
Buckland, C.E. Dictionary of Indian Biography (1906) 495 pp. full text
Carrington, Michael (May 2013), "Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against "collisions" between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905", Modern Asian Studies, 47 (3): 780–819, doi:10.1017/S0026749X12000686, S2CID147335168
Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (1998), Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850–1950, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400, ISBN978-0-521-59692-3.
Chatterji, Joya (1993), Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932–1947, Cambridge University Press. Pp. 323, ISBN978-0-521-52328-8.
Copland, Ian (2002), Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. Pp. 316, ISBN978-0-521-89436-4.
Dewey, Clive. Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service (2003)
Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service", History Today, June 1982, 32#6 pp.43–48, covers 1858–1947
Fieldhouse, David (1996), "For Richer, for Poorer?", ใน Marshall, P. J. (บ.ก.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400, pp.108–146, ISBN978-0-521-00254-7
Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. University of California Press. 258 pages. ISBN978-0-520-06249-8.
Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal, 10 (1&2): 75–98, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203, hdl:1885/51009, S2CID162783898
Hall-Matthews, David (November 2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India", Modern Asian Studies, 42 (6): 1189–1212, doi:10.1017/S0026749X07002892, S2CID146232991
Headrick, Daniel R. (1988), The tentacles of progress: technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850–1940
Hyam, Ronald (2007), Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968, Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-0-521-86649-1
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine), pp. 475–502, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552.
Khan, Yasmin. India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War (2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. The Raj At War: A People's History Of India's Second World War (2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study
Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858–1914", ใน Porter, Andrew N. (บ.ก.), Oxford History of the British Empire, vol.III: The Nineteenth Century, pp.422–46, ISBN978-0-19-924678-6
Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, (2001b), pp.231–42
Porter, Andrew, บ.ก. (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century, Oxford University Press. Pp. 800, ISBN978-0-19-924678-6
Raghavan, Srinath. India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt
Rai, Lajpat (2008), England's Debt to India: A Historical Narrative of Britain's Fiscal Policy in India, BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp.263–281, ISBN978-0-559-80001-6
Raja, Masood Ashraf (2010), Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947, Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-547811-2
Ramusack, Barbara (2004), The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge University Press. Pp. 324, ISBN978-0-521-03989-5
Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (W. W. Norton, 1999) Archive.org, borrowable
Riddick, John F. The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) excerpt
Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998); 5000 entries excerpt
Shaikh, Farzana (1989), Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860–1947, Cambridge University Press. Pp. 272., ISBN978-0-521-36328-0.
Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal, บ.ก. (1999), Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent, Oxford University Press. Pp. 420, ISBN978-0-19-579051-1.
Thatcher, Mary. Respected Memsahibs: an Anthology (Hardinge Simpole, 2008)
Voigt, Johannes. India in The Second World War (1988)
Wainwright, A. Martin (1993), Inheritance of Empire: Britain, India, and the Balance of Power in Asia, 1938–55, Praeger Publishers. Pp. xvi, 256, ISBN978-0-275-94733-0.
Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Imperialism and Gender." in Encyclopedia of European Social History, edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1, 2001), pp.515–521. online emphasis on Raj.
Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule (1901); The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age (1906) online
Gupta, Charu, ed. Gendering Colonial India: Reforms, Print, Caste and Communalism (2012)
Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link", The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16 (3): 109–30, doi:10.1257/089533002760278749, JSTOR3216953
Sarkar, J. (2013, reprint). Economics of British India ... Third edition. Enlarged and partly rewritten. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons.
Tomlinson, Brian Roger (1993), The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970, New Cambridge history of India, vol.III, 3, Cambridge University Press, p.109, ISBN978-0-521-36230-6
Tomlinson, Brian Roger (October 1975), "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935", Indian Economic and Social History Review, 12 (4): 337–380, doi:10.1177/001946467501200401, S2CID144217855
Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Ellis, Catriona (2009). "Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India". History Compass. 7 (2): 363–75. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00564.x.
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Moor-Gilbert, Bart. Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India (1996) on fiction written in English
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Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria." Perennial Journal of History 2.2 (2021): 114-130. online
Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India." Journal of Asian and African Studies 56.3 (2021): 511-532 online.
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Philips, Cyril H. ed. Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (1961), reviews the older scholarship
Stern, Philip J (2009). "History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future". History Compass. 7 (4): 1146–80. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x.
Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?." 'Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21.2 (2020) pp 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridianonline.
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Winks, Robin, ed. Historiography (1999) vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire
Young, Richard Fox, ed. (2009). Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg
Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition1861 edition
The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947online