Naturalismus (philosophia)

Naturalismus in philosophia est "notio vel fides solum leges viresque naturales (contra supernaturalia vel spiritualia) in mundo operantur."^[1] Assectatores naturalismi, naturalistae appellati, asserunt leges naturales regulas quae structuras et mores universi naturalis regunt, et universum mutantem semper et ubique exitum harum legum esse.^[2]

Georgius Santayana.

"Naturalismus in elementum ontologicum et elementum methodologicum mentis propria vi ac natura separari potest."^[3][4] Vocabulum ontologia philosophicam naturae realitatis investigationem attingit. Nonnulli philosophi naturalismum materialismo aequiparant. Exempli gratia, Paulus Kurtz philosophus affirmat nos rationem naturae optime habere per principia materialia, inter quae sunt massa, energia, aliaeque proprietates physicae et chemicae a civitate scientifica agnitae.

Porro, hic sensus naturalismi asserit spiritum, deitates, manesque reales non esse, et nullum mentem in natura inveni posse. Talis absoluta naturalismi fides saepissime naturalismus metaphysicus appellatur.^[5]

Theistae, pantheistis exceptis, qui credunt naturam et deum unam ac idem rem esse, notionem naturae omnis realitatis receptaculi repudiant. Secundum nonnullos theistas, leges naturales videri possunt secundarias deorum causas.

Willardus Van Orman Quine, Georgius Santayana, aliique philosophi saeculi vicensimi affirmabant successum naturalismi in scientia significavisse rationes scientificas etiam in philosophia adhiberi debere. Ergo traditur scientia et philosophia continuum constituere.

Nexus interni

• Atheismus
• Carvaka
• Captio naturalistica
• Circumiecta
• Cogitatio libera
• Daoismus
• Deismus
• Dysteleologia
• Empirismus
• Epicureismus
• Hylomorphismus
• Materialismus
• Naturalismus humanisticus
• Naturalismus legitimus
• Philosophia analytica
• Philosophia naturae
• Philosophia scientiae
• Physicalismus
• Scientismus
• Supernaturalismus
• Vaisheshika
• Alfredus North Whitehead

Notae

1. Anglice: "idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or spiritual) laws and forces operate in the world." "Naturalism." Oxford English Dictionary Online.
2. Naturalism in The Catholic Encyclopedia: an international work of reference (Novi Eboraci: Appleton, 1907–1914) (Anglice)
3. Anglice: "Naturalism can intuitively be separated into an ontological and a methodological component."
4. Papineau 2007.
5. Kurtz 1998.

Bibliographia

• Audi, Robert. 1996. "Naturalism." The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Supplement, ed. Donald M. Borchert, 372–74. Macmillan Reference.
• Carrier, Richard. 2005. Sense and Goodness without God: A defense of Metaphysical Naturalism. AuthorHouse. ISBN 1-4208-0293-3.
• Danto, Arthur C. 1967. "Naturalism." In The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards, 448–450. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan et The Free Press.
• De Caro, Mario, et David Macarthur, eds. 2004. Naturalism in Question. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
• De Caro, Mario, et David Macarthur, eds. 2010. Naturalism and Normativity. Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
• Dubray, Charles Albert. 1911. "Naturalism." In Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. Charles Herbermann, 10. Novi Eboraci: Robert Appleton Company.
• Espinoza, Miguel. 2014. Repenser le naturalisme. Lutetiae: L'Harmattan.
• Gould, Stephen J. 1984. "Toward the vindication of punctuational change in catastrophes and earth history." In Catastrophes and Earth History, ed. W. A. Bergren et J. A. Couvering. Princeton Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press.
• Gould, Stephen J. 1987. Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: Harvard University Press.
• Hooykaas, R. 1963. The principle of uniformity in geology, biology, and theology. Ed. secunda. Londinii: E.J. Brill.
• Kurtz, Paul. 1990. Philosophical Essays in Pragmatic Naturalism. Prometheus Books.
• Kurtz, Paul. 1998. Darwin Re-Crucified: Why Are So Many Afraid of Naturalism? Free Inquiry 18(2).
• Lacey, Alan R. 1995. "Naturalism." In The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed. Ted Honderich, 604–606. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.
• Lange, Friedrich Albert. 1925. The History of Materialism. Londinii: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0415225256.
• Macarthur, David. 2008. "Quinean Naturalism in Question." Philo 11 (1).
• Papineau, David. 2007. "Naturalism." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 22 Februarii.
• Post, John F. 1995. "Naturalism." In The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, ed. Robert Audi, 517–18. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
• Rea, Michael. 2002. World Without Design: The Ontological Consequences of Naturalism. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-924760-9.
• Sagan, Carl. 2002. Cosmos. Novi Eboraci: Random House. ISBN 9780375508325.
• Schafersman, Steven D. 1996. Naturalism Is Today an Essential Part of Science. Lectio in acroasi "Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise" habita.
• Simpson, George Gaylord. 1963. "Historical science." In Fabric of geology, ed. C. C. Albritton Jr. Stanfordiae Californiae: Freeman, Cooper, and Company.
• Strahler, Arthur N. 1992. Understanding Science: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
• Stone, J. A. 2008. Religious Naturalism Today: The Rebirth of a Forgotten Alternative. Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7537-9. LCCN 2007048682.

Nexus externi

Pro

• Naturalism.org.
• Center for Naturalism.
• Naturalism: The Naturalistic Worldview.
• Papineau, David. "Naturalism." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
• Illuminating and elevating the naturalistic worldview. the-brights.net.

Neutrius partis

• The Craig-Taylor Debate: Is The Basis Of Morality Natural Or Supernatural? William Lane Craig et Richard Taylor, October 1993, Union College (Schenectady Novi Eboraci)

Contra

• Delfino, Robert A. 2007. Replacing Methodological Naturalism. Metanexus Institute.
• Delfino, Robert A. Delfino. 2011. Scientific Naturalism and the Need for a Neutral Metaphysical Framework. ashgate.com.
• Johnson, Philip. Evolution as Dogma: The Establishment of Naturalism. Ex First Things.
• Plantinga, Alvin. 1994. Naturalism Defeated. PDF.
• Biologos.org.
• Naturalism in The Catholic Encyclopedia: an international work of reference (Novi Eboraci: Appleton, 1907–1914) (Anglice)