Transhumanismus (imminutus H+ et h+) est motus culturalis et intellectualis internationalis cuius fines ultimi sunt condicio humana penitus commutata per technologias evolvendas et distribuendas quae facultates mentis, corporis, psychologiae magnopere amplificare possunt.[1]Cogitatores transhumanistici futura technologiarum emergentium commoda et pericula quae primas circumscriptiones humanas superare possunt ac ethicam talium technologiarum adhibendarum investigant.[2] Usitatissima coniectura posita est homines se mutare ad ultimum posse in entitates quibus erunt facultates tam auctae quam homines posthumanos recte appellabuntur.[3]
Finis humanitatis futurae commutatae, ab operibus scientiae fictae auctoritate gravibus motae, multos fautores et obtrectatores ex variissimis cosmotheoriis attraxit.[8] Transhumanismus a Francisco Fukuyama, iudicecivili, inter periculosissimas mundi notiones descriptus est,[9] sed Ronaldus Bailey, eum contradicens, transhumanismum esse affirmat "motum qui audacissimas, fortissimas, ingeniosissimas, omnibusque virtutibus ornatas humanitatisspem repraesentat."[10][11]
Philosophi transhumanistici disputant num philosophiaFriderici Nietzsche transhumanismum movisse putari possit contra eius elationem hominis superior ("Übermensch"), ob eius gravem notionem actualizationis sui, potius quam transformationem technologicam.[13][14][15][16]Maximi More et Stephani Laurentii Sorgner, philosophiae transhumanisticae, a cogitatione Nietzscheana penitus moti sunt.[17]
Fundamentales transhumanismi notiones primum expositae sunt ab I. B. S. Haldane, geneticoBritannico, anno 1923 in commentario Daedalus; or, Science and the Future, qui praedixit magna commoda ex adhibitiones scientiarum provectarum ad biologiam humanam evenire, et omnem talem progressum primum nonnullis videri blasphemiam vel perversitatem, "impudicum et contra naturam." Potissimum, eum tenebant progressus scientiae eugenicae, ectogenesis (vita in circumiectis artificiosis creata et sustenta), et geneticae ad meliores proprietates humanas faciendas adhibitae, sicut salus et intellegentia.
Iulianus Huxley, biologus qui vocabulumtranshumanismum in commentario auctoritate gravi anno 1957 adhibuit.
Iulianus Huxleybiologus late habetur conditor transhumanismi post 1957, cum vocabulum in inscriptione commentarii magni momenti adhiberet; ipsum autem vocabulum ex commentario W. D. Lighthall philosophiCanadiani (1940) derivatur.[20] Huxley transhumanismum sic describit:
Usque ad hodie, vita humana generatim fuit, ut Hobbes dixit, "foedus, immanis, et brevis"; longe maior pars hominum (si non iam mortui sunt iuvenes) miseria conflictati sunt. . . . Iure credere possimus has terras quae fieri possunt exsistere, et praesentes circumscriptiones miserasque nostrae exsistentiae frustrationes maximam partem superari posse. . . . Species humana, si vult, se superare potest, non solum dispersim, singulo hic uno modo, singulo ibi alio modo, sed omnino, gens humana.[21][22]
MetaboliciarchitectiIaponienses edictum anno 1960 protulerunt quod fines per designationem et technologiam delineavit ad "metabolicum nostrae societatis progressum actuosum cohortandum."[24][25] Noboru Kawazoe in edicti parte metabolismo designationis dicata proponit:
Post decennia nonnulla, technologiacommunicationis rapide progrediente, omnes in aure "receptorem undarum cerebri" habebunt, qui directe et accurate significat quod alii de eo cogitant, et vice versa. Quod puto ab omnibus hominibus scietur. Abest conscientia hominum singulorum: [manet] solum voluntas totius generis humani.[26]
Intellegentia artificosa et singularitas technologica
Definiatur machina ultraintellegens "machina quae omnes agitationes mentis ullius hominis quoquomodo callidi longe excedere potest." Quia designatio machinarum est una ex his agitationibus mentis, machina ultraintellegens machinas etiam meliores designare posset; facile fuerit ergo "diruptio intellegentiae," et intellegentia hominis procul relinqueretur. Ergo prima machina ultraintellegens est ultimum inventum quod homini umquam facere necesse est.[27][28]
Raimundus Kurzweil putat tempus cum "vita humana mutata reverti non poterit" sciri potest per maiores orbis terrarum eventus in tabula delinatos.Amish in Civitatibus Foederatis sunt grex religiosus qui vitatione certarum technologiarum hodiernarum innotescunt. Transhumanistae argumentum consimile offerunt: mox erunt quasi humani, homines qui "humani manebunt," technologias amplificationis reicientes. Credunt suam electionem observandam et protegendam esse.[36]
Anglice: Up till now human life has generally been, as Hobbes described it, ‘nasty, brutish and short’; the great majority of human beings (if they have not already died young) have been afflicted with misery… we can justifiably hold the belief that these lands of possibility exist, and that the present limitations and miserable frustrations of our existence could be in large measure surmounted. . . . The human species can, if it wishes, transcend itself—not just sporadically, an individual here in one way, an individual there in another way, but in its entirety, as humanity."
Anglice: After several decades, with the rapid progress of communication technology, every one will have a “brain wave receiver” in his ear, which conveys directly and exactly what other people think about him and vice versa. What I think will be known by all the people. There is no more individual consciousness, only the will of mankind as a whole.
Anglice: "Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined as a machine that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any man however clever. Since the design of machines is one of these intellectual activities, an ultraintelligent machine could design even better machines; there would then unquestionably be an 'intelligence explosion,' and the intelligence of man would be left far behind. Thus the first ultraintelligent machine is the last invention that man need ever make."
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