染

染 U+67D3, 染 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-67D3 ← 柒 [U+67D2] CJK Unified Ideographs 柔 → [U+67D4]

Translingual

Han character

染 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+5, 9 strokes, cangjie input 水弓木 (END), four-corner 3490₄, composition ⿱氿木(GJKV) or ⿱氿𣎳(HT))

Derived characters

• 媣, 𫽦, 蒅, 𩃵

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 519, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14621
• Dae Jaweon: page 907, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1188, character 7
• Unihan data for U+67D3

Chinese

trad.		染
simp. #		染

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 染
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script s08351 Transcribed ancient scripts L35510 L18800 L18797 L18798 L18799
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 氵 (“water”) + 九 (“hook”) + 木 (“tree”) – to hang (on a hook 九) from a tree (木) into water (氵), so as to dye.

Earlier forms more often graphically 氵 + 杂; in the modern form, the water radical is moved upward to the upper-left corner.

Etymology

Coblin (1986) compares this to Tibetan ཉམས་པ (nyams pa, “be stained, tarnished, spoiled”); Pan (1987) also notes Proto-Tai *ɲuɔmᴬ as well as Vietnamese nhuộm, both meaning "to dye".

Schuessler (2007) cites Downer (1986)'s opinion that form with 上 (shàng) tone is the verb, while form with 去 (qù) tone is the noun meaning "kind of cloth" (Lǐjì).

Pronunciation

Variety	Location	edit 染
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʐan²¹⁴/
	Harbin	/ʐan²¹³/
	Tianjin	/ian¹³/ /ʐan¹³/
	Jinan	/ʐã⁵⁵/
	Qingdao	/iã⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/ʐan⁵³/
	Xi'an	/ʐã⁵³/
	Xining	/ʐã⁵³/
	Yinchuan	/ʐan⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ʐɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
	Ürümqi	/ʐan⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/nan⁴²/
	Chengdu	/zan⁵³/
	Guiyang	/zan⁴²/
	Kunming	/ʐã̠⁵³/
	Nanjing	/ʐaŋ²¹²/
	Hefei	/ʐæ̃²⁴/ /ʐən²⁴/
Jin	Taiyuan	/zæ̃⁵³/
	Pingyao	/ʐɑŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/ʐæ̃⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵi²³/ /zø²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/zz̩ʷõ¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵi³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/ne³⁵/
	Tunxi	/ȵiɛ²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/yẽ⁴¹/
	Xiangtan	/iẽ⁴²/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiɛn²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiam⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/ŋiɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jim²³/
	Nanning	/jim²⁴/
	Hong Kong	/jim¹³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/liam⁵³/ /ni⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/nieŋ³²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/niŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ziam⁵³/ /nĩ⁵³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zam²¹³/ /ni²¹³/

Rime
Character	染	染
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	而琰切	而豔切
Baxter	nyemX	nyemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiᴇmX/	/ȵiᴇmH/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɛmX/	/ȵiɛmH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjæmX/	/ȵʑjæmH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵiamX/	/ȵiamH/
Li Rong	/ȵiɛmX/	/ȵiɛmH/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭɛmX/	/ȵʑĭɛmH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ɛmX/	/ȵʑi̯ɛmH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rǎn	ràn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jim5	jim6

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	染
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rǎn
Middle Chinese	‹ nyemX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.n[a]mʔ/
English	to dye
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	染	染
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	10790	10791
Phonetic component	染	染
Rime group	談	談
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	冉	染
Old Chinese	/*njomʔ/	/*njoms/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rǎn (ran³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄢˇ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim⁵

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiam⁴

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngiam

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngiam³ / ngiam⁴

• Northern Min (KCR): nǐng
• Eastern Min (BUC): niēng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): liám / jiám / ní

  (Teochew, Peng'im): riam² / ni²

• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yenn³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rǎn
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄢˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rǎn
    • Wade–Giles: jan³
    • Yale: rǎn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: raan
    • Palladius: жань (žanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐän²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jim⁵
    • Yale: yíhm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jim⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: yim⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːm¹³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: ngiam⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡiam²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiam
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngiam³ / ngiam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋiam³¹/, /ŋiam⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nǐng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /niŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: niēng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nˡieŋ³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liám
    • Tâi-lô: liám
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liarm
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liam⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liam⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jiám
    • Tâi-lô: jiám
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jiarm
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡ziam⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ziam⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ní
    • Tâi-lô: ní
    • Phofsit Daibuun: nie
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /nĩ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /nĩ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /nĩ⁵³/

Note:

• liám/jiám - literary;
• ní - vernacular.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: riam² / ni²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jiám / ní
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziam⁵²/, /ni⁵²/
Note:
• riam2 - literary;
• ni2 - vernacular.
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: yenn³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /y̯ẽ⁴¹/

---

• Dialectal data

---

• Middle Chinese: nyemX, nyemH

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.n[a]mʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*njomʔ/, /*njoms/

Definitions

染

1. to dye

   把頭髮染成棕色／把头发染成棕色  ―  bǎ tóufà rǎn chéng zōngsè  ―  to dye one's hair brown

   • 共和國的旗幟上有我們血染的風采 [MSC, trad.]
     共和国的旗帜上有我们血染的风采 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1986, 血染的風采

     gònghéguó de qízhì shàng yǒu wǒmen xuè rǎn de fēngcǎi [Pinyin]

     The flag of our Republic has our blood-stained glory.

2. to catch (a disease); to fall into (a bad habit)

   染上破傷風／染上破伤风  ―  rǎn shàng pòshāngfēng  ―  to get tetanus

3. a surname: Ran

Compounds

• 一塵不染 / 一尘不染 (yīchénbùrǎn)
• 不染纖塵 / 不染纤尘
• 二次感染
• 二次汙染 / 二次污染
• 交叉感染 (jiāochā gǎnrǎn)
• 作染
• 傳染 / 传染 (chuánrǎn)
• 傳染來源 / 传染来源
• 傳染力 / 传染力 (chuánrǎnlì)
• 傳染原 / 传染原
• 傳染病 / 传染病 (chuánrǎnbìng)
• 傳染途徑 / 传染途径
• 印染 (yìnrǎn)
• 合成染料
• 命染黃沙 / 命染黄沙
• 噪音汙染 / 噪音污染 (zàoyīn wūrǎn)
• 土壤汙染 / 土壤污染 (tǔrǎng wūrǎn)
• 塵埃傳染 / 尘埃传染
• 大氣汙染 / 大气污染
• 媒染劑 / 媒染剂
• 尿道感染
• 性染色體 / 性染色体 (xìng rǎnsètǐ)
• 愛染 / 爱染
• 感染 (gǎnrǎn)
• 感染症
• 接觸傳染 / 接触传染
• 操觚染翰
• 放射汙染 / 放射污染
• 日漸月染 / 日渐月染
• 日濡月染
• 有染 (yǒurǎn)
• 染人
• 染化
• 染坊
• 染干
• 染指 (rǎnzhǐ)
• 染指垂涎
• 染指於鼎 / 染指于鼎
• 染料 (rǎnliào)
• 染汙 / 染污
• 染渲
• 染畫 / 染画
• 染疫 (rǎnyì)
• 染病 (rǎnbìng)
• 染紅 / 染红 (rǎnhóng)
• 染絲之變 / 染丝之变
• 染缸
• 染習 / 染习
• 染翰
• 染翰操紙 / 染翰操纸
• 染翰操觚
• 染色 (rǎnsè)
• 染色體 / 染色体 (rǎnsètǐ)
• 染革
• 染風習俗 / 染风习俗
• 染髮 / 染发 (rǎnfà)
• 核汙染 / 核污染
• 水汙染 / 水污染 (shuǐwūrǎn)
• 汙染 / 污染 (wūrǎn)
• 汙染物 / 污染物 (wūrǎnwù)
• 沾染 (zhānrǎn)
• 油汙染 / 油污染
• 浸染 (jìnrǎn)
• 海水汙染 / 海水污染
• 渲染 (xuànrǎn)
• 滃染
• 漂染 (piǎorǎn)
• 漸染 / 渐染 (jiānrǎn)
• 潛伏感染 / 潜伏感染
• 濡染
• 火染旛竿
• 烘染
• 熏染 (xūnrǎn)
• 熱汙染 / 热污染
• 環境汙染 / 环境污染 (huánjìng wūrǎn)
• 病染膏肓
• 目擩耳染 (mùrù'ěrrǎn)
• 目染耳濡 (mùrǎn'ěrrú)
• 空氣傳染 / 空气传染 (kōngqì chuánrǎn)
• 空氣汙染 / 空气污染 (kōngqì wūrǎn)
• 紡染 / 纺染
• 紮染 / 扎染
• 絞染 / 绞染
• 纖塵不染 / 纤尘不染
• 習染 / 习染
• 耳染目濡 (ěrrǎnmùrú)
• 耳濡目染 (ěrrúmùrǎn)
• 荏染
• 薰染 (xūnrǎn)
• 蠟染 / 蜡染 (làrǎn)
• 見聞習染 / 见闻习染
• 軋染 / 轧染
• 遷染 / 迁染
• 院內感染 / 院内感染 (yuànnèi gǎnrǎn)
• 陶染
• 隱性傳染 / 隐性传染
• 霑染 / 沾染
• 青蠅染白 / 青蝇染白
• 面染
• 飛文染翰 / 飞文染翰
• 飛沫傳染 / 飞沫传染
• 香染
• 點染 / 点染
• 點染雲煙 / 点染云烟

References

• “染”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 染

染

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. dye, color, paint, stain, print

Readings

• Go-on: ねん (nen)^{←ねん (nen, historical)←ねむ (nemu, ancient)}
• Kan-on: ぜん (zen)^{←ぜん (zen, historical)←ぜむ (zemu, ancient)}
• Kan’yō-on: せん (sen, Jōyō)^{←せん (sen, historical)←せむ (semu, ancient)}
• Kun: しみ (shimi, 染み, Jōyō)、そめる (someru, 染める, Jōyō)、しみる (shimiru, 染みる, Jōyō)、そまる (somaru, 染まる, Jōyō)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 染 (MC nyemX|nyemH).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean ᅀᅧᆷ〯 (zyěm) (Yale: zyěm) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
• Recorded as Middle Korean 염 (yem) (Yale: yem) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jɘ(ː)m]
• Phonetic hangul: [염(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

染

Wikisource 染 (eumhun 물들일 염 (muldeuril yeom))

1. hanja form^? of 염 (“dye”)

Compounds

• 감염 (感染, gamyeom)
• 염료 (染料, yeomnyo)
• 염색 (染色, yeomsaek)
• 염색체 (染色體, yeomsaekche)
• 오염 (汚染, oyeom)
• 전염 (傳染, jeonyeom)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

染: Hán Nôm readings: nhuộm, nhẹm, nhiễm, nhuốm, ruộm, vẩn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.