壓

See also: 压 and 圧

壓 U+58D3, 壓 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58D3 ← 壒 [U+58D2] CJK Unified Ideographs 壔 → [U+58D4]

Translingual

Traditional	壓
Shinjitai	圧
Simplified	压

Han character

壓 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 一大土 (MKG), four-corner 7121₄, composition ⿸厭土(GHT) or ⿱厭土(JKV))

Derived characters

• 𢹥, 𲄒

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 241, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5557
• Dae Jaweon: page 480, character 33
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 495, character 6
• Unihan data for U+58D3

Chinese

trad.		壓
simp.		压

Glyph origin

	Old Chinese
猒	*qem, *qems
懕	*qem
饜	*qem, *qems
嬮	*qem, *qems, *qeb
厭	*qemʔ, *qems, *qeb
黶	*qemʔ
檿	*qemʔ
魘	*qemʔ, *qeb
厴	*qemʔ
擪	*qemʔ, *qeb
壓	*qreːb
靨	*qeb

Characters in the same phonetic series (猒) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qreːb) : phonetic 厭 (OC *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb) + semantic 土 (“dust”).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krap (“to beat, thrash, winnow”), which is distantly related (via an allofam) to Burmese ယပ် (yap, “fan”), and more directly to the following Sinitic words (STEDT):

• 躐 (OC *rab, “to tread, trample”)
• 押 (OC *kraːb, *qraːb, “to seal, stamp”)
• 臿 (OC *sʰreːb, “pestle; to husk grain with a mortar and pestle”)

Pronunciation 1

Rime
Character	壓
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	狎 (150)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	烏甲切
Baxter	'aep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠap̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚap̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔap̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔaɨp̚/
Li Rong	/ʔap̚/
Wang Li	/ap̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ʔap̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ya
Expected Cantonese Reflex	aap3

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	壓
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yā
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔæp ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔˁrep/
English	press down
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壓
Reading #	1/1
No.	14430
Phonetic component	猒
Rime group	盍
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	鴨
Old Chinese	/*qreːb/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yā, yà (ya¹, ya⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚ, ㄧㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): aat³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ap

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ab⁵

• Northern Min (KCR): ă̤ / ă
• Eastern Min (BUC): dáh / ák
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ah / ap

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iab⁴ / iag⁴ / dêh⁴

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁷aq

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yā
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄚ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ya
    • Wade–Giles: ya¹
    • Yale: yā
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ia
    • Palladius: я (ja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yà
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yà
    • Wade–Giles: ya⁴
    • Yale: yà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yah
    • Palladius: я (ja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä⁵¹/

Note: yà - only used in 壓根 (Mainland standard).

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: aat³
    • Yale: aat
    • Cantonese Pinyin: aat⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: ad³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aːt̚³/

Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ap
    • Hakka Romanization System: ab^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ab⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /ap̚²/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ab⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /ap̚¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ă̤ / ă
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɛ²⁴/, /a²⁴/

Note:

• ă̤ - vernacular;
• ă - literary.

• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dáh / ák
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɑʔ²⁴/, /ɑʔ²⁴/
Note:
• dáh - vernacular;
• ák - literary.
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ah
    • Tâi-lô: ah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: aq
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /aʔ³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /aʔ⁵/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ap
    • Tâi-lô: ap
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ab
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ap̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ap̚⁵/
Note:
• ah - vernacular (“to press and draw; to scrape; to suppress (Taiwan)”);
• ap - literary.
• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: iab⁴ / iag⁴ / dêh⁴
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iap / iak / teh
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iap̚²/, /iak̚²/, /teʔ²/
Note:
• iab4/iag4 - literary (iag4 - Chenghai);
• dêh4 - vernacular (俗), also written as 硩.
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁷aq
    • MiniDict: ah^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴aq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /aʔ⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'aep

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤrep/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qreːb/

Definitions

壓

1. to press; to push down

   壓碎／压碎  ―  yāsuì  ―  to crush to pieces

   我的腿被石頭壓住了。 [MSC, trad.]
   我的腿被石头压住了。 [MSC, simp.]

   Wǒ de tuǐ bèi shítou yā zhù le. [Pinyin]

   My legs were held down by rocks.

   最近被工作壓得喘不過氣來。 [MSC, trad.]
   最近被工作压得喘不过气来。 [MSC, simp.]

   Zuìjìn bèi gōngzuò yā de chuǎn bù guò qì lái. [Pinyin]

   I've been so stressed by work lately that it almost makes me out of breath.

2. to keep under control; to control

   壓住怒火／压住怒火  ―  yā zhù nùhuǒ  ―  to control one's anger

3. to suppress; to bring pressure on; to intimidate

   鎮壓／镇压  ―  zhènyā  ―  to suppress

4. to approach; to draw near; to close in on

   大軍壓境／大军压境  ―  dàjūnyājìng  ―  the army is bearing down in force

   • 楚晨壓晉軍而陳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     楚晨压晋军而陈。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Chǔ chén yā Jìn jūn ér zhèn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

5. to surpass; to prevail over

   • 高贊訪得他子弟才不壓眾，貌不超群，所以不曾許允。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
     高赞访得他子弟才不压众，貌不超群，所以不曾许允。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]

     From: Feng Menglong, Stories to Awaken the World, 1627 CE

     Gāo Zàn fǎng dé tā zǐdì cái bù yā zhòng, mào bù chāoqún, suǒyǐ bùcéng xǔyǔn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

6. to shelve; to lay aside
7. to risk; to stake

   alt. forms: 押 (yā)

8. (physics) pressure

   加壓／加压  ―  jiāyā  ―  to raise pressure

   血壓／血压  ―  xuèyā  ―  blood pressure

   電壓／电压  ―  diànyā  ―  voltage

9. Used in 壓根兒／压根儿 (yàgēnr, “in the first place”).
10. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to press and draw (a line)
11. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to scrape or pare off horizontally

Synonyms

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		壓
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		壓
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	壓
	Taiwan	壓
	Singapore	壓
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	壓
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	壓
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	壓, 榨
	Wuhan	壓
	Guilin	壓
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	磕, 壓
Cantonese	Guangzhou	矺, 壓
	Hong Kong	矺, 壓
	Yangjiang	㩒, 扎, 壓
	Nanning	矺
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	矺
Gan	Nanchang	矺, 壓
Hakka	Meixian	矺
	Huidong (Daling)	矺
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	矺
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	矺
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	矺
	Wengyuan	矺
	Liannan	矺
	Jiexi	矺
	Luhe	矺
	Changting	矺
	Wuping	矺
	Wuping (Yanqian)	矺
	Wuping (Pingyu)	矺
	Liancheng	矺
	Ninghua	矺
	Ningdu	矺
	Ruijin	矺
	Shicheng	矺
	Shangyou (Shexi)	矺
	Tonggu (Sandu)	矺
	Dayu	矺
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	矺
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	矺
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	矺
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	矺
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	矺
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	矺
	Hong Kong	矺
	Mengshan (Xihe)	矺
	Senai (Huiyang)	矺
Northern Min	Jian'ou	壓
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	矺
	Fuzhou (Changle)	矺
	Fuqing	矺
	Yongtai	矺
	Gutian	矺
	Fu'an	矺
	Ningde	矺
	Shouning	矺
	Zhouning	矺
	Fuding	矺
Southern Min	Xiamen	硩
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	硩
	Quanzhou	硩
	Jinjiang	硩
	Zhangzhou	硩
	Tainan	硩
	Penang (Hokkien)	硩
	Singapore (Hokkien)	硩
	Manila (Hokkien)	硩
	Chaozhou	硩
	Shantou	硩
	Shantou (Chenghai)	硩
	Jieyang	硩
	Lufeng	硩
	Haifeng	硩
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	硩
	Leizhou	硩
	Haikou	硩
Wu	Shanghai	壓
	Suzhou	壓
	Wenzhou	榨, 塸, 壓
Xiang	Changsha	壓
	Shuangfeng	榨

Dialectal synonyms of 壓 (“to press down on”) [map]

Compounds

• 下壓力 / 下压力
• 低壓 / 低压 (dīyā)
• 低壓帶 / 低压带
• 低氣壓 / 低气压 (dīqìyā)
• 低血壓 / 低血压 (dīxuèyā)
• 偏壓 / 偏压
• 側壓力 / 侧压力
• 光壓 / 光压 (guāngyā)
• 冷低壓 / 冷低压
• 冷高壓 / 冷高压
• 制壓射擊 / 制压射击
• 加壓 / 加压 (jiāyā)
• 反壓 / 反压
• 壓一 / 压一
• 壓不住 / 压不住
• 壓事 / 压事
• 壓住 / 压住
• 壓低 / 压低 (yādī)
• 壓倒 / 压倒 (yādǎo)
• 壓倒元白 / 压倒元白
• 壓倒性 / 压倒性
• 壓倒群雄 / 压倒群雄
• 壓價 / 压价 (yājià)
• 壓克力 / 压克力 (yākèlì)
• 壓冑子 / 压冑子
• 壓制 / 压制 (yāzhì)
• 壓力 / 压力 (yālì)
• 壓力團體 / 压力团体 (yālì tuántǐ)
• 壓力機 / 压力机 (yālìjī)
• 壓力艙 / 压力舱
• 壓力計 / 压力计 (yālìjì)
• 壓力鍋 / 压力锅 (yālìguō)
• 壓卵 / 压卵
• 壓卷 / 压卷
• 壓境 / 压境 (yājìng)
• 壓契 / 压契
• 壓子 / 压子
• 壓子息 / 压子息
• 壓寨夫人 / 压寨夫人
• 壓寶 / 压宝 (yābǎo)
• 壓尺 / 压尺
• 壓尾 / 压尾
• 壓強 / 压强 (yāqiáng)
• 壓扁 / 压扁 (yābiǎn)
• 壓手 / 压手
• 壓抑 / 压抑 (yāyì)
• 壓服 / 压服 (yāfú)
• 壓枝 / 压枝 (yāzhī)
• 壓枉造舌 / 压枉造舌
• 壓桌 / 压桌
• 壓根 / 压根
• 壓根兒 / 压根儿
• 壓條 / 压条 (yātiáo)
• 壓條法 / 压条法
• 壓榨 (yāzhà)
• 壓機 / 压机 (yājī)
• 壓歲 / 压岁 (yāsuì)
• 壓歲錢 / 压岁钱 (yāsuìqián)
• 壓死 / 压死 (yāsǐ)
• 壓氣兒 / 压气儿
• 壓派 / 压派
• 壓災 / 压灾
• 壓痛 / 压痛 (yātòng)
• 壓碎 / 压碎 (yāsuì)
• 壓碟兒 / 压碟儿
• 壓秤 / 压秤
• 壓箱底 / 压箱底
• 壓線 / 压线
• 壓縮 / 压缩 (yāsuō)
• 壓縮性 / 压缩性
• 壓縮機 / 压缩机
• 壓縮空氣 / 压缩空气 (yāsuō kōngqì)
• 壓肩疊背 / 压肩叠背
• 壓腰 / 压腰 (yāyāo)
• 壓良為賤 / 压良为贱
• 壓花 / 压花
• 壓花會 / 压花会
• 壓蔓 / 压蔓
• 壓衣刀 / 压衣刀
• 壓製 / 压制 (yāzhì)
• 壓覺 / 压觉
• 壓角章 / 压角章
• 壓路機 / 压路机 (yālùjī)
• 壓軸 / 压轴 (yāzhòu)
• 壓軸子 / 压轴子 (yāzhòuzi)
• 壓軸戲 / 压轴戏 (yāzhòuxì)
• 壓轎 / 压轿
• 壓迫 / 压迫 (yāpò)
• 壓迫感 / 压迫感
• 壓酒 / 压酒
• 壓酒囊 / 压酒囊
• 壓金線 / 压金线
• 壓鑄 / 压铸
• 壓陣 / 压阵
• 壓隊 / 压队
• 壓雪求油 / 压雪求油
• 壓電效應 / 压电效应
• 壓霸 / 压霸 (yābà)
• 壓青 / 压青
• 壓靜 / 压静
• 壓頭 / 压头 (yātóu)
• 壓馬路 / 压马路
• 壓驚 / 压惊 (yājīng)
• 壓魅 / 压魅
• 大氣壓 / 大气压 (dàqìyā)
• 大氣壓力 / 大气压力 (dàqì yālì)
• 大軍壓境 / 大军压境 (dàjūnyājìng)
• 層壓法 / 层压法
• 彈壓 / 弹压 (tányā)
• 心縮壓 / 心缩压
• 心舒壓 / 心舒压
• 打壓 / 打压 (dǎyā)
• 按壓 / 按压 (ànyā)
• 指壓 / 指压 (zhǐyā)
• 排山壓卵 / 排山压卵
• 摜壓 / 掼压
• 擠壓 / 挤压 (jǐyā)
• 施壓 / 施压 (shīyā)
• 旁壓力 / 旁压力
• 模壓 / 模压
• 欺壓 / 欺压 (qīyā)
• 欺大壓小 / 欺大压小
• 氣壓 / 气压 (qìyā)
• 氣壓山河 / 气压山河
• 氣壓梯度 / 气压梯度
• 氣壓表 / 气压表 (qìyābiǎo)
• 氣壓計 / 气压计 (qìyājì)
• 水壓 / 水压
• 水壓機 / 水压机
• 汽壓 / 汽压
• 沖壓 / 冲压 (chōngyā)
• 沖壓機 / 冲压机
• 油壓 / 油压 (yóuyā)
• 泰山壓卵 / 泰山压卵
• 泰山壓頂 / 泰山压顶
• 洩壓 / 泄压
• 液壓 / 液压 (yèyā)
• 液壓機 / 液压机
• 減壓 / 减压 (jiǎnyā)
• 減壓站 / 减压站
• 減壓閥 / 减压阀
• 烏壓壓 / 乌压压
• 蒸氣壓 / 蒸气压 (zhēngqìyā)
• 熱帶低壓 / 热带低压
• 眼壓 / 眼压 (yǎnyā)
• 社會壓力 / 社会压力
• 禁壓 / 禁压
• 積壓 / 积压 (jīyā)
• 等壓線 / 等压线 (děngyāxiàn)
• 緊壓茶 / 紧压茶
• 腦壓 / 脑压
• 舒張壓 / 舒张压 (shūzhāngyā)
• 藝壓當行 / 艺压当行
• 血壓 / 血压 (xuèyā)
• 血壓計 / 血压计 (xuèyājì)
• 解壓 / 解压 (jiěyā)
• 變壓器 / 变压器 (biànyāqì)
• 鎮壓 / 镇压 (zhènyā)
• 降壓器 / 降压器
• 陵壓 / 陵压
• 電壓 / 电压 (diànyā)
• 顱內壓 / 颅内压 (lúnèiyā)
• 風壓 / 风压
• 騎鞍壓馬 / 骑鞍压马
• 高壓 / 高压 (gāoyā)
• 高壓手段 / 高压手段
• 高壓球 / 高压球
• 高壓線 / 高压线 (gāoyāxiàn)
• 高壓迴流 / 高压回流
• 高壓鍋 / 高压锅 (gāoyāguō)
• 高壓電 / 高压电 (gāoyādiàn)
• 高氣壓 / 高气压 (gāoqìyā)
• 高血壓 / 高血压 (gāoxuèyā)
• 黑壓壓 / 黑压压 (hēiyāyā)

Pronunciation 2

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): a̍h

---

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: a̍h
    • Tâi-lô: a̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ah
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /aʔ¹²¹/

Definitions

壓

1. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to separate; to set apart
2. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to gather together; to collect

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 壓 – see 硩 (“to pick; to smash up; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 硩).

Japanese

Shinjitai	圧
Kyūjitai	壓

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 壓

壓

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 圧)

1. pressure

Readings

• On (unclassified): あつ (atsu)、おう (ō)、えん (en)
• Kun: おさえる (osaeru)

Korean

Hanja

壓 (eumhun 누를 압 (nureul ap))

1. hanja form^? of 압 (“pressure”)

Compounds

• 기압 (氣壓, giap, “air pressure”)
• 압축 (壓縮, apchuk, “compression”)
• 탄압 (彈壓, tanap, “oppression”)
• 압력 (壓力, amnyeok, “pressure”)

Vietnamese

Han character

壓: Hán Nôm readings: áp, ếm

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