咎

咎 U+548E, 咎 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548E ← 咍 [U+548D] CJK Unified Ideographs 咏 → [U+548F]

Translingual

Han character

咎 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹人口 (HOR) or 竹卜口 (HYR), four-corner 2860₄, composition ⿱处口(G) or ⿱⿺夂人口(TJK))

Derived characters

• 倃 𠴰 㹾 綹(绺) 䛮 鯦 㰶 䓘 晷 鼛 麔

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 185, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3493
• Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 607, character 6
• Unihan data for U+548E

Chinese

trad.		咎
simp. #		咎

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 咎
Shang		Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script

	Old Chinese
咎	*kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ
鼛	*kɯːw
櫜	*kɯːw
倃	*kɯːw, *ɡɯwʔ
綹	*ɡ·rɯwʔ
麔	*ɡɯwʔ
晷	*kʷrɯwʔ
厬	*kʷrɯwʔ

Characters in the same phonetic series (咎) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Originally ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 夊 (“foot”) + 人 (“person”). Later 口 was added, making the modern form an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 各 + 人.

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	咎
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	其九切
Baxter	gjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨuX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiuX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiəuX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guwX/
Li Rong	/ɡiuX/
Wang Li	/ɡĭəuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯ə̯uX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau6

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	咎
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiù
Middle Chinese	‹ gjuwX ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ](r)uʔ/
English	fault, blame (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咎
Reading #	2/2
No.	6988
Phonetic component	咎
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	舅
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯwʔ/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiù (jiu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄡˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gau³
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiǔ / kiū

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiù
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄡˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiòu
    • Wade–Giles: chiu⁴
    • Yale: jyòu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiow
    • Palladius: цзю (czju)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯oʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gau³
    • Yale: gau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: geo³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiǔ
    • Tâi-lô: kiǔ
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiu²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiū
    • Tâi-lô: kiū
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiu
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiu³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiu²²/

---

• Middle Chinese: gjuwX

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ](r)uʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯwʔ/

Definitions

咎

1. fault; defect; error; mistake
2. calamity; misfortune
3. to blame; to punish; to find fault

Compounds

• 不咎既往 (bùjiùjìwǎng)
• 休咎
• 動輒得咎 / 动辄得咎
• 取咎
• 咎徵 / 咎征
• 咎悔
• 咎戾
• 咎由自取 (jiùyóuzìqǔ)
• 咎過 / 咎过
• 執咎 / 执咎
• 委咎
• 引咎 (yǐnjiù)
• 引咎自責 / 引咎自责
• 引咎責躬 / 引咎责躬
• 引咎辭職 / 引咎辞职
• 招咎
• 既往不咎 (jìwǎngbùjiù)
• 歸咎 / 归咎 (guījiù)
• 無咎無譽 / 无咎无誉
• 獲咎 / 获咎
• 盈滿之咎 / 盈满之咎
• 自取其咎 (zìqǔqíjiù)
• 自咎
• 降咎
• 難辭其咎 / 难辞其咎 (náncíqíjiù)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	咎
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古勞切
Baxter	kaw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑu/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑu/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaw/
Li Rong	/kɑu/
Wang Li	/kɑu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gou1

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	咎
Reading #	1/2
No.	6983
Phonetic component	咎
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	髙
Old Chinese	/*kɯːw/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāo (gao¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gao
    • Wade–Giles: kao¹
    • Yale: gāu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
    • Palladius: гао (gao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kaw

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kɯːw/

Definitions

咎

1. ^† Alternative form of 鼛 (gāo, “large drum”)
2. a surname
3. Alternative form of 皋 (gāo, “a surname”):

1. used in 咎繇

Compounds

• 咎繇 (Gāoyáo)

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 咎

咎

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. fault
2. blame

Readings

• Go-on: ぐ (gu)、こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kan-on: きゅう (kyū)^{←きう (kiu, historical)}、こう (kō)^{←かう (kau, historical)}
• Kun: とが (toga, 咎)、とがめる (togameru, 咎める)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
咎
とが Hyōgai
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 咎 – see the following entry.

【科とが】2 [noun] mistake, error [noun] crime, offense, wrongdoing [noun] fault, flaw

(This term, 咎, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

咎 • (gu, go) (hangeul 구, 고, revised gu, go, McCune–Reischauer ku, ko)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

咎: Hán Việt readings: cữu^[1]

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

1. Trần (2004).