Tone L |
Infinitive |
ukusaba |
|
Positive |
Negative |
Infinitive |
ukusaba |
ukungasabi |
|
Imperative |
|
Simple |
+ object concord |
Singular |
saba |
-sabe |
Plural |
sabani |
-sabeni |
|
Present |
|
Positive absolute |
Positive relative |
Positive participial |
Negative absolute |
Negative relative |
Negative participial |
1st singular |
ngiyasaba, ngisaba |
engisabayo, engisaba |
ngisaba |
angisabi |
engingasabi |
ngingasabi |
2nd singular |
uyasaba, usaba |
osabayo, osaba |
usaba |
awusabi |
ongasabi |
ungasabi |
1st plural |
siyasaba, sisaba |
esisabayo, esisaba |
sisaba |
asisabi |
esingasabi |
singasabi |
2nd plural |
niyasaba, nisaba |
enisabayo, enisaba |
nisaba |
anisabi |
eningasabi |
ningasabi |
Class 1 |
uyasaba, usaba |
osabayo, osaba |
esaba |
akasabi |
ongasabi |
engasabi |
Class 2 |
bayasaba, basaba |
abasabayo, abasaba |
besaba |
abasabi |
abangasabi |
bengasabi |
Class 3 |
uyasaba, usaba |
osabayo, osaba |
usaba |
awusabi |
ongasabi |
ungasabi |
Class 4 |
iyasaba, isaba |
esabayo, esaba |
isaba |
ayisabi |
engasabi |
ingasabi |
Class 5 |
liyasaba, lisaba |
elisabayo, elisaba |
lisaba |
alisabi |
elingasabi |
lingasabi |
Class 6 |
ayasaba, asaba |
asabayo, asaba |
esaba |
awasabi |
angasabi |
engasabi |
Class 7 |
siyasaba, sisaba |
esisabayo, esisaba |
sisaba |
asisabi |
esingasabi |
singasabi |
Class 8 |
ziyasaba, zisaba |
ezisabayo, ezisaba |
zisaba |
azisabi |
ezingasabi |
zingasabi |
Class 9 |
iyasaba, isaba |
esabayo, esaba |
isaba |
ayisabi |
engasabi |
ingasabi |
Class 10 |
ziyasaba, zisaba |
ezisabayo, ezisaba |
zisaba |
azisabi |
ezingasabi |
zingasabi |
Class 11 |
luyasaba, lusaba |
olusabayo, olusaba |
lusaba |
alusabi |
olungasabi |
lungasabi |
Class 14 |
buyasaba, busaba |
obusabayo, obusaba |
busaba |
abusabi |
obungasabi |
bungasabi |
Class 15 |
kuyasaba, kusaba |
okusabayo, okusaba |
kusaba |
akusabi |
okungasabi |
kungasabi |
Class 17 |
kuyasaba, kusaba |
okusabayo, okusaba |
kusaba |
akusabi |
okungasabi |
kungasabi |
|
Recent past |
|
Positive absolute |
Positive relative |
Positive participial |
Negative absolute |
Negative relative |
Negative participial |
1st singular |
ngisabile, ngisabē |
engisabile, engisabē |
ngisabile, ngisabē |
angisabanga |
engingasabanga |
ngingasabanga |
2nd singular |
usabile, usabē |
osabile, osabē |
usabile, usabē |
awusabanga |
ongasabanga |
ungasabanga |
1st plural |
sisabile, sisabē |
esisabile, esisabē |
sisabile, sisabē |
asisabanga |
esingasabanga |
singasabanga |
2nd plural |
nisabile, nisabē |
enisabile, enisabē |
nisabile, nisabē |
anisabanga |
eningasabanga |
ningasabanga |
Class 1 |
usabile, usabē |
osabile, osabē |
esabile, esabē |
akasabanga |
ongasabanga |
engasabanga |
Class 2 |
basabile, basabē |
abasabile, abasabē |
besabile, besabē |
abasabanga |
abangasabanga |
bengasabanga |
Class 3 |
usabile, usabē |
osabile, osabē |
usabile, usabē |
awusabanga |
ongasabanga |
ungasabanga |
Class 4 |
isabile, isabē |
esabile, esabē |
isabile, isabē |
ayisabanga |
engasabanga |
ingasabanga |
Class 5 |
lisabile, lisabē |
elisabile, elisabē |
lisabile, lisabē |
alisabanga |
elingasabanga |
lingasabanga |
Class 6 |
asabile, asabē |
asabile, asabē |
esabile, esabē |
awasabanga |
angasabanga |
engasabanga |
Class 7 |
sisabile, sisabē |
esisabile, esisabē |
sisabile, sisabē |
asisabanga |
esingasabanga |
singasabanga |
Class 8 |
zisabile, zisabē |
ezisabile, ezisabē |
zisabile, zisabē |
azisabanga |
ezingasabanga |
zingasabanga |
Class 9 |
isabile, isabē |
esabile, esabē |
isabile, isabē |
ayisabanga |
engasabanga |
ingasabanga |
Class 10 |
zisabile, zisabē |
ezisabile, ezisabē |
zisabile, zisabē |
azisabanga |
ezingasabanga |
zingasabanga |
Class 11 |
lusabile, lusabē |
olusabile, olusabē |
lusabile, lusabē |
alusabanga |
olungasabanga |
lungasabanga |
Class 14 |
busabile, busabē |
obusabile, obusabē |
busabile, busabē |
abusabanga |
obungasabanga |
bungasabanga |
Class 15 |
kusabile, kusabē |
okusabile, okusabē |
kusabile, kusabē |
akusabanga |
okungasabanga |
kungasabanga |
Class 17 |
kusabile, kusabē |
okusabile, okusabē |
kusabile, kusabē |
akusabanga |
okungasabanga |
kungasabanga |
|
Remote past |
|
Positive absolute |
Positive relative |
Positive participial |
Negative absolute |
Negative relative |
Negative participial |
1st singular |
ngāsaba |
engāsaba |
ngāsaba |
angisabanga |
engingasabanga |
ngingasabanga |
2nd singular |
wāsaba |
owāsaba |
wāsaba |
awusabanga |
ongasabanga |
ungasabanga |
1st plural |
sāsaba |
esāsaba |
sāsaba |
asisabanga |
esingasabanga |
singasabanga |
2nd plural |
nāsaba |
enāsaba |
nāsaba |
anisabanga |
eningasabanga |
ningasabanga |
Class 1 |
wāsaba |
owāsaba |
āsaba |
akasabanga |
ongasabanga |
engasabanga |
Class 2 |
bāsaba |
abāsaba |
bāsaba |
abasabanga |
abangasabanga |
bengasabanga |
Class 3 |
wāsaba |
owāsaba |
wāsaba |
awusabanga |
ongasabanga |
ungasabanga |
Class 4 |
yāsaba |
eyāsaba |
yāsaba |
ayisabanga |
engasabanga |
ingasabanga |
Class 5 |
lāsaba |
elāsaba |
lāsaba |
alisabanga |
elingasabanga |
lingasabanga |
Class 6 |
āsaba |
āsaba |
āsaba |
awasabanga |
angasabanga |
engasabanga |
Class 7 |
sāsaba |
esāsaba |
sāsaba |
asisabanga |
esingasabanga |
singasabanga |
Class 8 |
zāsaba |
ezāsaba |
zāsaba |
azisabanga |
ezingasabanga |
zingasabanga |
Class 9 |
yāsaba |
eyāsaba |
yāsaba |
ayisabanga |
engasabanga |
ingasabanga |
Class 10 |
zāsaba |
ezāsaba |
zāsaba |
azisabanga |
ezingasabanga |
zingasabanga |
Class 11 |
lwāsaba |
olwāsaba |
lwāsaba |
alusabanga |
olungasabanga |
lungasabanga |
Class 14 |
bāsaba |
obāsaba |
bāsaba |
abusabanga |
obungasabanga |
bungasabanga |
Class 15 |
kwāsaba |
okwāsaba |
kwāsaba |
akusabanga |
okungasabanga |
kungasabanga |
Class 17 |
kwāsaba |
okwāsaba |
kwāsaba |
akusabanga |
okungasabanga |
kungasabanga |
|
Potential |
|
Positive absolute |
Positive relative |
Positive participial |
Negative absolute |
Negative relative |
Negative participial |
1st singular |
ngingasaba |
— |
ngingasaba |
ngingesabe |
— |
ngingesabe |
2nd singular |
ungasaba |
— |
ungasaba |
ungesabe |
— |
ungesabe |
1st plural |
singasaba |
— |
singasaba |
singesabe |
— |
singesabe |
2nd plural |
ningasaba |
— |
ningasaba |
ningesabe |
— |
ningesabe |
Class 1 |
angasaba |
— |
engasaba |
angesabe |
— |
engesabe |
Class 2 |
bangasaba |
— |
bengasaba |
bangesabe |
— |
bengesabe |
Class 3 |
ungasaba |
— |
ungasaba |
ungesabe |
— |
ungesabe |
Class 4 |
ingasaba |
— |
ingasaba |
ingesabe |
— |
ingesabe |
Class 5 |
lingasaba |
— |
lingasaba |
lingesabe |
— |
lingesabe |
Class 6 |
angasaba |
— |
engasaba |
angesabe |
— |
engesabe |
Class 7 |
singasaba |
— |
singasaba |
singesabe |
— |
singesabe |
Class 8 |
zingasaba |
— |
zingasaba |
zingesabe |
— |
zingesabe |
Class 9 |
ingasaba |
— |
ingasaba |
ingesabe |
— |
ingesabe |
Class 10 |
zingasaba |
— |
zingasaba |
zingesabe |
— |
zingesabe |
Class 11 |
lungasaba |
— |
lungasaba |
lungesabe |
— |
lungesabe |
Class 14 |
bungasaba |
— |
bungasaba |
bungesabe |
— |
bungesabe |
Class 15 |
kungasaba |
— |
kungasaba |
kungesabe |
— |
kungesabe |
Class 17 |
kungasaba |
— |
kungasaba |
kungesabe |
— |
kungesabe |
|
Immediate future |
|
Positive absolute |
Positive relative |
Positive participial |
Negative absolute |
Negative relative |
Negative participial |
1st singular |
ngizosaba |
engizosaba |
ngizosaba |
angizusaba |
engingezusaba |
ngingezusaba |
2nd singular |
uzosaba |
ozosaba |
uzosaba |
awuzusaba |
ongezusaba |
ungezusaba |
1st plural |
sizosaba |
esizosaba |
sizosaba |
asizusaba |
esingezusaba |
singezusaba |
2nd plural |
nizosaba |
enizosaba |
nizosaba |
anizusaba |
eningezusaba |
ningezusaba |
Class 1 |
uzosaba |
ozosaba |
ezosaba |
akazusaba |
ongezusaba |
engezusaba |
Class 2 |
bazosaba |
abazosaba |
bezosaba |
abazusaba |
abangezusaba |
bengezusaba |
Class 3 |
uzosaba |
ozosaba |
uzosaba |
awuzusaba |
ongezusaba |
ungezusaba |
Class 4 |
izosaba |
ezosaba |
izosaba |
ayizusaba |
engezusaba |
ingezusaba |
Class 5 |
lizosaba |
elizosaba |
lizosaba |
alizusaba |
elingezusaba |
lingezusaba |
Class 6 |
azosaba |
azosaba |
ezosaba |
awazusaba |
angezusaba |
engezusaba |
Class 7 |
sizosaba |
esizosaba |
sizosaba |
asizusaba |
esingezusaba |
singezusaba |
Class 8 |
zizosaba |
ezizosaba |
zizosaba |
azizusaba |
ezingezusaba |
zingezusaba |
Class 9 |
izosaba |
ezosaba |
izosaba |
ayizusaba |
engezusaba |
ingezusaba |
Class 10 |
zizosaba |
ezizosaba |
zizosaba |
azizusaba |
ezingezusaba |
zingezusaba |
Class 11 |
luzosaba |
oluzosaba |
luzosaba |
aluzusaba |
olungezusaba |
lungezusaba |
Class 14 |
buzosaba |
obuzosaba |
buzosaba |
abuzusaba |
obungezusaba |
bungezusaba |
Class 15 |
kuzosaba |
okuzosaba |
kuzosaba |
akuzusaba |
okungezusaba |
kungezusaba |
Class 17 |
kuzosaba |
okuzosaba |
kuzosaba |
akuzusaba |
okungezusaba |
kungezusaba |
|
Remote future |
|
Positive absolute |
Positive relative |
Positive participial |
Negative absolute |
Negative relative |
Negative participial |
1st singular |
ngiyosaba |
engiyosaba |
ngiyosaba |
angiyusaba |
engingeyusaba |
ngingeyusaba |
2nd singular |
uyosaba |
oyosaba |
uyosaba |
awuyusaba |
ongeyusaba |
ungeyusaba |
1st plural |
siyosaba |
esiyosaba |
siyosaba |
asiyusaba |
esingeyusaba |
singeyusaba |
2nd plural |
niyosaba |
eniyosaba |
niyosaba |
aniyusaba |
eningeyusaba |
ningeyusaba |
Class 1 |
uyosaba |
oyosaba |
eyosaba |
akayusaba |
ongeyusaba |
engeyusaba |
Class 2 |
bayosaba |
abayosaba |
beyosaba |
abayusaba |
abangeyusaba |
bengeyusaba |
Class 3 |
uyosaba |
oyosaba |
uyosaba |
awuyusaba |
ongeyusaba |
ungeyusaba |
Class 4 |
iyosaba |
eyosaba |
iyosaba |
ayiyusaba |
engeyusaba |
ingeyusaba |
Class 5 |
liyosaba |
eliyosaba |
liyosaba |
aliyusaba |
elingeyusaba |
lingeyusaba |
Class 6 |
ayosaba |
ayosaba |
eyosaba |
awayusaba |
angeyusaba |
engeyusaba |
Class 7 |
siyosaba |
esiyosaba |
siyosaba |
asiyusaba |
esingeyusaba |
singeyusaba |
Class 8 |
ziyosaba |
eziyosaba |
ziyosaba |
aziyusaba |
ezingeyusaba |
zingeyusaba |
Class 9 |
iyosaba |
eyosaba |
iyosaba |
ayiyusaba |
engeyusaba |
ingeyusaba |
Class 10 |
ziyosaba |
eziyosaba |
ziyosaba |
aziyusaba |
ezingeyusaba |
zingeyusaba |
Class 11 |
luyosaba |
oluyosaba |
luyosaba |
aluyusaba |
olungeyusaba |
lungeyusaba |
Class 14 |
buyosaba |
obuyosaba |
buyosaba |
abuyusaba |
obungeyusaba |
bungeyusaba |
Class 15 |
kuyosaba |
okuyosaba |
kuyosaba |
akuyusaba |
okungeyusaba |
kungeyusaba |
Class 17 |
kuyosaba |
okuyosaba |
kuyosaba |
akuyusaba |
okungeyusaba |
kungeyusaba |
|
Present subjunctive |
|
Positive |
Negative |
1st singular |
ngisabe |
ngingasabi |
2nd singular |
usabe |
ungasabi |
1st plural |
sisabe |
singasabi |
2nd plural |
nisabe |
ningasabi |
Class 1 |
asabe |
angasabi |
Class 2 |
basabe |
bangasabi |
Class 3 |
usabe |
ungasabi |
Class 4 |
isabe |
ingasabi |
Class 5 |
lisabe |
lingasabi |
Class 6 |
asabe |
angasabi |
Class 7 |
sisabe |
singasabi |
Class 8 |
zisabe |
zingasabi |
Class 9 |
isabe |
ingasabi |
Class 10 |
zisabe |
zingasabi |
Class 11 |
lusabe |
lungasabi |
Class 14 |
busabe |
bungasabi |
Class 15 |
kusabe |
kungasabi |
Class 17 |
kusabe |
kungasabi |
|
Past subjunctive |
|
Positive |
Negative |
1st singular |
ngasaba |
ngangasaba, angasaba, angangasaba |
2nd singular |
wasaba |
wangasaba, awasaba, awangasaba |
1st plural |
sasaba |
sangasaba, asasaba, asangasaba |
2nd plural |
nasaba |
nangasaba, anasaba, anangasaba |
Class 1 |
wasaba |
wangasaba, akasaba, akangasaba |
Class 2 |
basaba |
bangasaba, abasaba, abangasaba |
Class 3 |
wasaba |
wangasaba, awasaba, awangasaba |
Class 4 |
yasaba |
yangasaba, ayasaba, ayangasaba |
Class 5 |
lasaba |
langasaba, alasaba, alangasaba |
Class 6 |
asaba |
angasaba, awasaba, awangasaba |
Class 7 |
sasaba |
sangasaba, asasaba, asangasaba |
Class 8 |
zasaba |
zangasaba, azasaba, azangasaba |
Class 9 |
yasaba |
yangasaba, ayasaba, ayangasaba |
Class 10 |
zasaba |
zangasaba, azasaba, azangasaba |
Class 11 |
lwasaba |
lwangasaba, alwasaba, alwangasaba |
Class 14 |
basaba |
bangasaba, abasaba, abangasaba |
Class 15 |
kwasaba |
kwangasaba, akwasaba, akwangasaba |
Class 17 |
kwasaba |
kwangasaba, akwasaba, akwangasaba |