jou

See also: Jou

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jœu/

Alternative forms

• djou (Cape Afrikaans)

Etymology 1

From Dutch jou. Also related to English you.

Pronoun

jou (subject jy)

1. you (singular, object)

See also

		subjective	objective	possessive determiner	possessive pronoun
singular	1st	ek	my		myne
	2nd	jy	jou		joune
	2nd, formal	u			u s’n
	3rd, masc	hy	hom	sy	syne
	3rd, fem	sy	haar		hare
	3rd, neut	dit		sy	syne
plural	1st	ons			ons s’n
	2nd	julle / jul1			julle s’n
	3rd	hulle / hul1			hulle s’n
1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence.

Afrikaans personal pronouns

Etymology 2

From Dutch jouw.

Determiner

jou

1. your (singular)
   • 2016, “In Jou Atmosfeer”, in Sal Jy Met My Dans?‎, performed by Kurt Darren, South Africa:

     In jou atmosfeer.

     In your atmosphere.

See also

		subjective	objective	possessive determiner	possessive pronoun
singular	1st	ek	my		myne
	2nd	jy	jou		joune
	2nd, formal	u			u s’n
	3rd, masc	hy	hom	sy	syne
	3rd, fem	sy	haar		hare
	3rd, neut	dit		sy	syne
plural	1st	ons			ons s’n
	2nd	julle / jul1			julle s’n
	3rd	hulle / hul1			hulle s’n
1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence.

Afrikaans personal pronouns

Baltic Romani

Alternative forms

• jo

Pronoun

jou (third person masculine singular, nominative case)

1. (Litovska) he

Declension

		singular				plural			reflexive
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person		1st person	2nd person	3rd person
				m	f
Nominative		mē	tu	jou	joj	amē	tumē	jonē	-
Accusative/ Independent Oblique		man	tut	lēs	la	amēn	tumēn	lēn	pes
Dative		mange	tuke	lēske	lake	amēnge	tumēnge	lēnge	pēske
Ablative [1]		mandyr	tutyr	lēstyr	latyr	amēndyr	tumēndyr	lēndyr	pēstyr
Genitive	m	miro	tyro	lēskiro	lakiro	amaro	tumaro	lēngiro	pēskiro
	f	miri	tyri	lēskiri	lakiri	amari	tumari	lēngiri	pēskiri
	pl	mirē	tyrē	lēskirē	lakirē	amarē	tumarē	lēngirē	pēskirē
Locative		mandē	tutē	lēstē	latē	amēndē	tumēndē	lēndē	pēstē
Instrumental		mansa	tusa	lēsa	lasa	amēnca	tumēnca	lēnsa	pēsa
Enclitic Reflexive		man	pe	pe		amēn	pe	pe	-

Litovska/Lithuanian Romani personal pronouns

1. The ablative is in decline in Lithuanian Romani

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan jou, from Latin iugum (compare Occitan jo, French joug, Spanish yugo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈʒow]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈd͡ʒɔw]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

jou m (plural jous)

1. (agriculture, also figuratively) yoke
2. col (between mountains)
3. (nautical) transom (type of structural beam)

Derived terms

• enjovar

Related terms

• conjugar
• jova
• jovada
• subjugar

Further reading

• “jou” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “jou”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “jou” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “jou” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Champenois

Alternative forms

• (Rémois) dour

Etymology

Inherited from Old French jor, from Late Latin diurnum.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʒu/

Noun

jou m (plural jous)

1. (Troyen) day

References

• Daunay, Jean (1998) Parlers de Champagne : Pour un classement thématique du vocabulaire des anciens parlers de Champagne (Aube - Marne - Haute-Marne)‎ (in French), Rumilly-lés-Vaudes
• Baudoin, Alphonse (1885) Glossaire de la forêt de Clairvaux‎ (in French), Troyes

Dutch

Etymology

From Middle Dutch jou, from Old Dutch *jū, a northern (Frisian?) variant of *iu, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, a West Germanic variant of *izwiz. Doublet of u.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /jɑu̯/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: jou
• Rhymes: -ɑu̯
• Homophone: jouw

Pronoun

jou

1. objective form of jij (“you (singular)”): you

   Ik zal dit wel even doen voor jou. ― I'll do this for you.

   Kan ik jou iets vragen?

   Can I ask you something?

   Ik geef jou mijn boek om te lezen.

   I'm giving you my book to read.

   Zij heeft een cadeau voor jou gekocht.

   She bought a gift for you.

2. Misspelling of jouw (“your”).

Usage notes

In informal language, mostly replaced by the unstressed form je, with the form jou used for emphasis or contrast.

Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?

How are you? — I'm good. What about you?

Heb je zijn telefoonnummer voor me? — Dat mag ik je eigenlijk niet geven, maar voor jou maak ik graag een uitzondering.

Could you give me his phone number? — I'm not really supposed to give it out to you, but for you I'll gladly make an exception.

Declension

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).				5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people").

Dutch personal pronouns

Alternative forms

• a (Brabant)

Synonyms

• u
• U

Descendants

• Afrikaans: jou
• Jersey Dutch: jāu
• Petjo: jou
• Skepi Creole Dutch: asu

Verb

jou

1. inflection of jouen:
   1. first-person singular present indicative
   2. (in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative
   3. imperative

Finnish

Etymology

< English yo

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjou̯/, [ˈjo̞u̯]
• Rhymes: -ou
• Syllabification^(key): jou

Interjection

jou (slang)

1. yo (greeting)

Anagrams

• juo, ujo

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From French jour.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʒu/

Noun

jou

1. day

Japanese

Romanization

jou

1. The hiragana syllable じょう (jou) or the katakana syllable ジョウ (jou) in Hepburn romanization.

Kalo Finnish Romani

Pronoun

jou

1. he

References

• “jou” in Finnish Romani-English Dictionary, ROMLEX – the Romani Lexicon Project, 2000.

Mbyá Guaraní

Verb

jou

1. to find
2. to obtain

Conjugation

singular			plural
1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person inclusive	1st person exclusive	2nd person	3rd person
xee ajou	ndee erejou	ha'e ojou	nhande jajou	ore orojou	peẽ pejou	ha'e ojou

    Conjugation of jou

Old French

Pronoun

jou

1. Alternative form of je

Romansch

Pronoun

jou (Sutsilvan)

1. Alternative form of jau (“I”)

Saterland Frisian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /joːu̯/
• Hyphenation: jou
• Rhymes: -oːu̯

Etymology 1

From Old Frisian jūwe, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwar, from Proto-Germanic *izweraz. Cognates include West Frisian jim and German euer.

Determiner

jou (predicative jouens)

1. your

See also

Possessive determiners
	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
masculine	min	din	sin	hiere	sin	uus	jou	hiere
other	mien	dien	sien		sien
Possessive pronouns
	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
masculine	minnen	dinnen	sinnen	hierens	sinnen	uzen	jouens	hierens
other	mienen	dienen	sienen		sienen

Saterland Frisian possessives

Etymology 2

From Old Frisian jō, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz. Cognates include West Frisian jo and German euch.

Pronoun

jou

1. yourselves

See also

	1st	2nd	3rd
singular	mie	die	sik
plural	uus	jou

Saterland Frisian reflexive pronouns

Pronoun

jou

1. oblique of jie; you

See also

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
stressed	iek	du	hie	ju	dät	wie	jie	jo
unstressed			er	ze	et			ze
objective	mie	die	him	hier	dät	uus	jou	hier

Saterland Frisian personal pronouns

References

• Marron C. Fort (2015) “jou”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Ternate

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈd͡ʒo.u/

Noun

jou

1. Alternative spelling of joou (“lord”)

References

• Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
• Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Toba Batak

Verb

jou (active manjou)

1. (transitive) to call

References

• J. Warneck (1906) Tobabataksch-Deutsches Wörterbuch‎, Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, page 57

West Frisian

Verb

jou

1. first-person singular present of jaan (to give)
2. imperative of jaan (to give)