-m

See also: Appendix:Variations of "m"

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-m/ [-m]

Suffix

-m

1. Used to form (pro)nouns taking on the quality of the suffixed determiners, numbers, verbs and nouns.

   ‎yí (“my”) + ‎-m → ‎yím (“mine (my something)”)

Usage notes

• When added to a noun, the suffix is added to a genitive:

  ‎áwka (“boy”) + ‎-m → ‎awkím (“the boy's thing”)

Derived terms

Afar terms suffixed with -m

References

• E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 236

Estonian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-mpi, cognate to Finnish -mpi.

Suffix

-m

1. Forms comparative adjectives.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-ma, cognate to Finnish -ma.

Suffix

-m

1. Forms nouns from verbs.

   koguma (“to collect”) → kogum (“collection, complex, group of items or objects”)

   valima (“to select”) → valim (“sample (in statistics)”)

   hõljuma (“to float”) → hõljum (“plankton”)

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -m

Hungarian

Etymology 1

Possibly from Proto-Uralic *mᴕ̈ (“I”); see also én (“I”). Cognate with Northern Mansi -м (-m, “my”).

Suffix

-m

2. (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)
4. (personal suffix) First-person singular personal suffix:
   1. Definite forms of transitive verbs (followed by a linking vowel in indicative present/past and subjunctive moods; with no linking vowel in conditional mood).

      ‎tud (“to know”) → ‎tudom, tudtam, tudjam, tudnám (“I know / knew / should know / would know it”)

      ‎kér (“to ask [for sth]”) → ‎kérem, kértem, kérjem, kérném (“I ask / asked / should ask / would ask for it”)

   2. Indefinite forms of -ik verbs.

      ‎alszik (“to sleep”) + ‎-m → ‎alszom (“I sleep”)

   3. Forming conjugated infinitives (here: “for me to do something”).

      ‎tanulni (“to study”) + ‎-m → ‎tanulnom kell (“I need to study”, literally “for_me_to_study is_necessary”)

      Csak kérnem kell. ― All I have to do is ask [for it]. (literally, “only for_me_to_ask is_necessary”)

   4. Declined and postpositional forms of the first-person personal pronoun én (“I”).

      ‎-ban/-ben (“in”) + ‎-m → ‎bennem (“in me”)

      ‎elé (“in front of”) + ‎-m → ‎elém (“in front of me”)

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎hajó (“boat”) + ‎-m → ‎a hajóm (“my boat”)

  ‎kocsi (“car”) + ‎-m → ‎a kocsim (“my car”)

  ‎palota (“palace”) + ‎-m → ‎a palotám (“my palace”)

  ‎érme (“coin”) + ‎-m → ‎az érmém (“my coin”)

  -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-am → ‎a házam (“my house”)

  -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kor (“age”) + ‎-om → ‎a korom (“my age”)

  -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-em → ‎a kertem (“my garden”)

  ‎fül (“ear”) + ‎-em → ‎a fülem (“my ear”)

  -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  ‎öröm (“joy”) + ‎-öm → ‎az örömöm (“my joy”)

Etymology 2

It can be traced back to the Proto-Uralic *-m.^[1]

Suffix

-m

1. (noun-forming suffix, obsolete) Added to a verb (or rarely to a noun) to form a noun. No longer productive in this sense.

   öröm, álom, folyam

   alom, orom, hím

2. (frequentative verb-forming suffix, obsolete) No longer productive in this sense.

   élemedett (“elderly”)

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

References

1. -m in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Ilocano

Pronoun

-m

1. Alternative form of -mo (used before vowels and suffixes -en and -an)

See also

Person	Number	Absolutive		Ergative	Oblique	Possessive
		Disjunctive	Enclitic	Enclitic3		bági form	kukua form
First	singular	siak	-ak	-ko, -k	kaniak	bagik	kukuak, kuak
	dual	data, sita1	-ta		kaniata, kadata	bagita	kukuata
	plural inclusive	datayo, sitayo1	-tayo, -tay		kaniatayo, kadatayo	bagitayo	kukuatayo
	plural exclusive	dakami, sikami1	-kami, -kam	-mi	kaniami, kadakami	bagimi	kukuami
Second	singular	sika	-ka	-mo, -m	kaniam, kenka	bagim	kukuam
	plural	dakayo, sikayo1	-kayo, -kay	-yo	kaniayo, kadakayo	bagiyo	kukuayo
Third	singular	isu, isuna	Ø2	-na	kaniana, kenkuana	bagina	kukuana
	plural	isuda	-da		kaniada, kadakuada	bagida	kukuada
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.
Fused enclitics Actor Patient siak data datayo dakami sika dakayo isu5 isuda siak bagik4 — — — -ka -kayo -ko, -k -ko ida, -k ida data — bagita4 — — — — -ta -ta ida datayo — — bagitayo4 — — — -tayo -tayo ida dakami — — — bagimi4 -daka -dakayo -mi -mi ida sika -nak — — -nakami bagim4 — -mo, -m -mo ida, -m ida dakayo -dak -data — -dakami — bagiyo4 -yo -yo ida isu -nak -nata -natayo -nakami -naka -nakayo bagina4, -na -na ida isuda -dak -data -datayo -dakami -daka -dakayo -da bagida4, -da ida 4Reflexive pronouns use the bagí form. 5 isu or isuna may also be added after the enclitics in this column.

Ilocano personal pronouns

Marshallese

Alternative forms

• em
• im

Pronunciation

• (phonetic) IPA^(key): [mʲ]
• (phonemic) IPA^(key): /-mʲ/
• Bender phonemes: {-m}

Suffix

-m

1. and

References

• Marshallese–English Online Dictionary

Northern Kurdish

Suffix

-m

1. first-person singular suffix

   têm ('I come.')

   çûm ('I went.')

Alternative forms

• -im (after a consonant)

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *-mus.^[1]

Suffix

-m m

1. Forms verbal nouns of A III (hiatus) verbs

Inflection

Masculine u-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	-m	-mL	-mae
Vocative	-m	-mL	-mu
Accusative	-mN	-mL	-mu
Genitive	-moH, -maH	-mo, -ma	-maeN
Dative	-mL	-maib	-maib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

References

1. Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, pages 108-111

Phalura

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-m/

Suffix

-m

1. Plural suffix (with m-declension nouns)

References

• Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-m”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎, Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /m/
• Rhymes: -m
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

Etymology 1

From earlier -śm, a contraction of Old Polish jeśm, from Proto-Slavic *esmь.

Suffix

-m

1. past-tense first-person singular suffix

   ‎robić + ‎-m → ‎robiłem

   ‎oglądać + ‎-m → ‎oglądałem

Alternative forms

• -em (after a consonant)

See also

• -ś
• -ście
• -śmy

 

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Polish -m, from Proto-Slavic [Term?], from Proto-Indo-European [Term?].

Suffix

-m

1. first-person singular suffix

   ‎oglądać + ‎-m → ‎oglądam

Further reading

• -m in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Quechua

Alternative forms

• -mi (after consonants)
• -n (Cuzco-Collao)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-m/
  • (Ayacucho) IPA^(key): [-m]
  • (Cuzco-Collao) IPA^(key): [-ŋ]

Suffix

-m

1. Evidential suffix, first-hand information. Indicates that the speaker has direct evidence/knowledge of some fact, having experienced it, seen it, heard it, etc.

   Ñuqa runa simitam rimani. Qusqumantam kani.

   I speak Quechua. I am from Cuzco.

   Allqukunaqa chawa aychatam mikunku.

   Dogs eat raw meat.

2. Used to mark an open-ended question; less formal than -taq.

   Maymantam kanki?

   Where are you from?

See also

• -s, -si
• -ch, -chá

Turkish

Suffix

-m

1. First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a vowel.

   kedi - kedim

   cat - my cat

Usage notes

• If the noun ends in a consonant, it may be "-im", "-ım", "-um" and "-üm"

  kalem - kalemim

  takım - takımım

  mum - mumum

  göz - gözüm

• It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.

  Utku - Utku'm

Uzbek

Suffix

postconsonantal	-im
postvocalic	-m

-m (Cyrillic spelling -м)

1. Form of -im after a vowel.

   Bu ruchkam.

   This is my ball pen.