-li

See also: Appendix:Variations of "li"

Alemannic German

Suffix

-li

1. forms diminutives of nouns

Derived terms

Alemannic German terms suffixed with -li

Chickasaw

Suffix

-li (class I first-person singular subject marker)

1. I (subject of an active transitive or active intransitive verb)

Suffix

-li (transitive-forming verb suffix)

1. forms or indicates an active transitive verb

Choctaw

Etymology 1

Suffix

-li (verb-forming suffix)

1. forms or indicates an active transitive verb

Etymology 2

Suffix

-li (class I first-person singular)

1. the subject of an active transitive verb

   I

2. the subject of an active intransitive verb

   I

Inflection

			class I			class II		class III		class N		imperative
			+s	+C	+V	+C/i	+a/o	+C	+V	+C	+V	+C	+V
first-person	singular	initial	-li			sa-	si-	a̱-	am-	ak-		n/a
		medial						-sa-	-sam-
	paucal		ī-		il-	pi-		pi̱-	pim-	kī-	kil-
	plural					hapi-		hapi̱-	hapim-
second-person	singular		is-	ish-		chi-		chi̱-	chim-	chik-		∅
	plural		has-	hash-		hachi-		hachi̱-	hachim-	hachik-		ho-	oh-
third-person			∅			∅		i̱-	im-	ik-

Choctaw Person Markers

Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl

Etymology 1

Cognate to Classical Nahuatl -lin

Suffix

-li

1. a suffix that makes nouns.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-li

1. Alternative spelling of -lli.

Fala

Pronoun

-li

1. Clitic form of le (“to him, to her, to them”)

See also

			nominative	dative	accusative	disjunctive
first person	singular		ei	me, -mi		mi
	plural	common	nos	musL nusLV nos, -nusM		nos
		masculine	noshotrusM			noshotrusM
		feminine	noshotrasM			noshotrasM
second person	singular		tú	te, -ti		ti
	plural	common	vos	vusLV vos, -vusM		vos
		masculine	voshotrusM			voshotrusM
		feminine	voshotrasM			voshotrasM
third person	singular	masculine	el	le, -li	uLV, oM	el
		feminine	ela		a	ela
	plural	masculine	elis		usLV, osM	elis
		feminine	elas		as	elas
	reflexive		—	se, -si		sí

Fala personal pronouns

References

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎, 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

Finnish

Etymology 1

-la +‎ -i (nominal suffix)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-li/, [-li]

Suffix

-li

1. Forms diminutive nouns.

Usage notes

Preceding -a-, -ä-, -i- usually changes to -e- (compare -ella).

Alternative forms

• -eli

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -li (nominal)

• -listo

 

Etymology 2

-la +‎ -i (i-lative singular)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-li(ˣ)/, [-li(ʔ)]

Suffix

-li

1. Forms some terminative adverbs.

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -li (adverbial)

Greenlandic

Pronunciation

• (Nuuk) IPA^(key): /-li/, [-lɪ]

Suffix

-li (v-v^?, additive^?)

1. (intransitive, with stative verbs) [verb] more
2. (transitive, with stative verbs) cause to [verb] more

Usage notes

Fusions with three verbs in the following manner:

angivoq (“be large”) → allivoq (“become larger”), allivaa (“make larger, enlarge”)

mikivoq (“be small”) → millivoq (“become smaller, shrink”), millivaa (“make smaller”)

takivoq (“be long”) → tallivoq (“become longer”), tallivaa (“make longer”)

Derived terms

Greenlandic terms suffixed with -li

Enclitic

-li

1. but
   • "Tasiilami efterskoleqalernissaa Jakob Sivertsen-ip sulissutigaa", Atuagagdliutit

     Kalaallit Nunaanni efterskoleliortiternissaq piumassuseqarfigineqarpoq, aningaasassaqartinneqanngillalli

Further reading

• Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 118-119, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014

Igbo

Alternative forms

• -ri (Owerri, Umuahia)

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -iː

Suffix

-li

1. Used to form simple past tenses of verbs.

   melili (as in Roger Federer melili Yoshihito Nishioka na US Open.)

Italian

Pronoun

-li

1. (enclitic) Alternative form of li

   dare (“to give”) → darli (“to give them”)

   vendere (“to sell”) → venderli (“to sell them”)

   servire (“to serve”) → servirli (“to serve them”)

Usage notes

• Appended to present active infinitive verb forms to accusative dative forms when the object is third plural masculine person. The final -e of the original infinitive is removed :

-are → -arli

-ere → -erli

-ire → -irli

Where the verb ends in -rre, the final re is removed, leaving behind just an -r:

introdurre (“to introduce”) → introdurli (“to introduce them”)

In any case, after the suffixation, there is only a single r and no vowels immediately before -li.

Anagrams

• il, il-

Latin

Suffix

-lī

1. inflection of -lus:
   1. nominative/vocative masculine plural
   2. genitive masculine/neuter singular

Lower Sorbian

Alternative forms

• -lic

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *-li; cognate with Upper Sorbian -li, Polish -li, Czech -li.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /li/, [lʲi]

Particle

-li

1. used after a verb form to introduce a polar question

   Spiš-li? ― Are you sleeping?

   Sy-li Bóžy syn? ― Are you the Son of God?

   Wiźiš-li to? ― Do you see that?

Conjunction

-li

1. if

   Synonyms: joli, gaž, gaby

   Coš-li, ga móžoš. ― If you want, then you may.

   Jo-li tam, ga jo derje. ― If he’s there, then it’s all right.

   Zmejoš-li pjeńeze, dosć změjoš pśijaśelow. ― If you have money, you’ll have plenty of friends.

   Maš-li to na mysli, ga cyń. ― If you’re thinking of it, do it.

Further reading

• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “-li”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Maltese

Etymology

lil +‎ -i

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lɪ/

Suffix

-li

1. to me

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-li

1. Alternative form of -ly (“adjectival suffix”)

Etymology 2

Suffix

-li

1. Alternative form of -ly (“adverbial suffix”)

Pennsylvania German

Suffix

-li

1. (diminutive) -ling, -let

Derived terms

• Hundli
• Wutzli

Pitjantjatjara

Pronoun

-li (first person dual nominative, bound form of ngali)

1. we two

Usage notes

Bound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act as clitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctions ka or munu if present.

Related terms

Pitjantjatjara personal pronouns (nominative case)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
First person	ngayulu (I) Bound form: -ṉa	ngali (we two) Bound form: -li	nganaṉa (we, more than two) Bound form: -la
Second person	nyuntu (you) Bound form: -n	nyupali (you two)	nyura (you, more than two)
Third person	paluṟu (he/she/it)	pula (they two)	tjana (they, more than two) Bound form: -ya

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /li/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -i
• Syllabification: li

Particle

-li

1. (dated) interrogative particle: introduces a yes-no question

   Synonym: czy

2. (dated) emphatic particle

   Synonyms: -że, -no, -ci, -to

Further reading

• -li in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـلی (-li), from earlier ـلو (-li), from Proto-Turkic *-lig.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /li/, /ˈli/

Suffix

preceding vowel
A / I	E / İ	O / U	Ö / Ü
-lı	-li	-lu	-lü

-li

1. with, containing; forms adjectives from nouns. This usage is treated as a "case suffix" and is separated from proper nouns by an apostrophe.

   Antonym: -siz

   ‎kafein (“caffeine”) + ‎-li → ‎kafeinli (“caffeinated, containing caffeine”)

2. of, from; of a nation or place. This usage is treated as a "word-forming suffix" and is not separated from proper nouns by an apostrophe. The demonym formed this way functions equally as an adjective and as a noun. It is commonly encountered in surnames derived from the names of towns and cities.

   ‎İstanbul (“Istanbul”) + ‎-li → ‎İstanbullu (“[a person] from Istanbul”)

   ‎Tokat (“a city in northern Anatolia”) + ‎-li → ‎Tokatlı (“[a person] from Tokat”)

3. Added to sports organizations to form names for their fans.

   ‎Ardahanspor (“a soccer team”) + ‎-li → ‎Ardahansporlu (“a person who supports this team”)

Usage notes

• Stress is carried onto the suffix when appended to a word with stress on the last syllable:

  üzüm /yˈzym/ becomes üzümlü /y.zymˈly/; Kars /ˈkaɾs/ becomes Karslı /kaɾsˈɫɯ/

• Stress doesn't shift when appended to a word that is stressed elsewhere:

  çikolata /t͡ʃi.koˈɫa.ta/ becomes çikolatalı /t͡ʃi.koˈɫa.ta.ɫɯ/; Bursa /ˈbuɾ.sa/ becomes Bursalı /ˈbuɾ.sa.ɫɯ/

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -li

Descendants

• Ladino: -li
• Greek: -λής (-lís)

Uzbek

Etymology

Inherited from Chagatai ـلیغ (-lığ), ـلیک (-lig), ـلوغ (-luğ), ـلوک (-lüg), from Proto-Turkic *-lig.

Suffix

-li

1. used to form descriptive adjectives from nouns

Derived terms

Uzbek terms suffixed with -li

Wutunhua

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [li]

Etymology 1

From Mandarin 裡／里 (“inside”).

Suffix

-li

1. Marks the locative case:
   1. in, at (location of an action)

      ggaiggan lhokang-li huaiqa kan-di-li.

      The teacher is reading a book in the classroom.

      (Quoted in Sandman, p. 52)

   2. to (direction of an action; optional for place names)

      ngu rongbo-li qhi-zhe.

      I am going to Longwu.

      (Quoted in Sandman, p. 52)

Etymology 2

Janhunen et al. speculates that this is from Mandarin 來／来 (“to come”).

Suffix

-li

1. An evidential suffix, marking that the subject has personally experienced the event/situation but that they were not personally responsible for instigating the event/situation, or did not have full control over the experience.

References

• Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
• Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎, University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN