貨

See also: 货, 賃, and 貸

貨 U+8CA8, 貨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA8 ← 貧 [U+8CA7] CJK Unified Ideographs 販 → [U+8CA9]

Translingual

Han character

貨 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人心月山金 (OPBUC), four-corner 2480₆, composition ⿱化貝)

Descendants

• 货

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1205, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36678
• Dae Jaweon: page 1667, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3627, character 1
• Unihan data for U+8CA8

Chinese

trad.		貨
simp.		货

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 貨
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

	Old Chinese
訛	*ŋʷaːl
吪	*ŋʷaːl
鈋	*ŋʷaːl
囮	*lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤	*ŋʷaːl
靴	*hʷa
貨	*hŋʷaːls
花	*hʷraː
化	*hŋʷraːls
杹	*hŋʷraːls
匕	*pilʔ

Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hŋʷaːls) : phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls) + semantic 貝 (“shell, money”) – valuable goods.

Etymology

Related to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “to change”), 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	貨
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	呼臥切
Baxter	xwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/huɑH/
Pan Wuyun	/huɑH/
Shao Rongfen	/xuɑH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwaH/
Li Rong	/xuɑH/
Wang Li	/xuɑH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xuɑH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fo3

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	貨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huò
Middle Chinese	‹ xwaH ›
Old Chinese	/*qʷʰˁaj-s/
English	(movable) property, goods
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	貨
Reading #	1/1
No.	5325
Phonetic component	化
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	貨
Old Chinese	/*hŋʷaːls/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): huò (huo⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄛˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fo³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): fo¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): fo

  (Hailu, HRS): fo^ˇ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): fo⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): hue³
• Northern Min (KCR): hua̿
• Eastern Min (BUC): huó
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hè / hèr / hòe / hò / hòⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): huê³

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁵hu / ⁵hou
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: huò
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: huò
    • Wade–Giles: huo⁴
    • Yale: hwò
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huoh
    • Palladius: хо (xo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ɔ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: fo³
    • Yale: fo
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fo³
    • Guangdong Romanization: fo³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔː³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: fo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fᵘɔ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fo
    • Hakka Romanization System: fo
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fo⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fo⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: fo^ˇ
    • Sinological IPA: /fo¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: fo⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fo⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: hue³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɤ⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hua̿
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: huó
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huɔ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hè
    • Tâi-lô: hè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hex
    • IPA (Xiamen): /he²¹/
    • IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /he¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hèr
    • Tâi-lô: hèr
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hə⁴¹/
    • IPA (Lukang): /hə³¹/
    • IPA (Kinmen): /hə¹²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòe
    • Tâi-lô: huè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoex
    • IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung): /hue²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hò
    • Tâi-lô: hò
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoix
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ho²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hònn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hvox
    • IPA (Taipei): /hɔ̃¹¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ̃⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃²¹/

Note:

• hè/hèr/hòe - vernacular;
• hò/hòⁿ - literary.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: huê³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huè
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Chongming, Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁵hu
    • MiniDict: hu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²hu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /hu³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /hu³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /hu⁴⁵/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁵hou
    • MiniDict: hou^去
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /həu⁵²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: ho⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: xwaH

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˁaj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hŋʷaːls/

Definitions

貨

1. (literary) money and goods; property

   殺人越貨／杀人越货  ―  shārényuèhuò  ―  to kill people for their property

   • 不貴難得之貨，使民不為盜。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     不贵难得之货，使民不为盗。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Tao Te Ching, 4^th century BCE

     Bù guì nándé zhī huò, shǐ mín bù wéi dào. [Pinyin]

     [N]ot to prize articles which are difficult to procure is the way to keep them from becoming thieves.

2. goods; commodities; products

   現貨／现货  ―  xiànhuò  ―  merchandise in stock

   百貨／百货  ―  bǎihuò  ―  general merchandise

   退貨／退货  ―  tuìhuò  ―  to return goods or merchandise

   今日會有批貨送到嚟。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   今日会有批货送到嚟。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   gam¹ jat⁶ wui⁵ jau⁵ pai¹ fo³ sung³ dou³ lai⁴. [Jyutping]

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

3. currency

   通貨／通货  ―  tōnghuò  ―  currency

   • 百姓憒亂，其貨不行，民私以五銖錢市買。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     百姓愦乱，其货不行，民私以五铢钱市买。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE

     Bǎixìng kuìluàn, qí huò bù xíng, mín sī yǐ wǔ zhū qián shìmǎi. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

4. (derogatory) used to refer to a person

   吃貨／吃货  ―  chīhuò  ―  one who eats all day and does nothing

   蠢貨／蠢货  ―  chǔnhuò  ―  idiot

   • 光頭李，你什麼意思？這倆貨什麼玩意兒，我壓根就不認識！ [MSC, trad.]
     光头李，你什么意思？这俩货什么玩意儿，我压根就不认识！ [MSC, simp.]

     From: 2015 August 22, 芦宏伟 (Lu Hongwei), 《没种就别出来混》, in 《故事会》, →ISSN, issue 590, page 30

     Guāngtóu Lǐ, nǐ shénme yìsī? Zhè liǎ huò shénme wányìr, wǒ yàgēn jiù bù rènshí! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

5. (Southern Min) thing; stuff
6. (obsolete) to bribe
7. (obsolete) to buy; to purchase
8. (obsolete) to sell

   • 有鄉人貨梨於市，頗甘芳，價騰貴。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     有乡人货梨于市，颇甘芳，价腾贵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1740, Pu Songling, 聊齋志異(Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio), Volume 1

     Yǒu xiāngrén huò lí yú shì, pō gān fāng, jià téng guì. [Pinyin]

     There was a villager, selling pears in a market. The pears tastes quite sweet, but they are somewhat expensive.

9. a surname

Compounds

• 一路貨 / 一路货
• 三寸貨 / 三寸货
• 下腳貨 / 下脚货
• 上貨 / 上货 (shànghuò)
• 乏貨 / 乏货
• 乾貨 / 干货 (gānhuò)
• 乾貨船 / 干货船
• 二手貨 / 二手货 (èrshǒuhuò)
• 交貨 / 交货 (jiāohuò)
• 人情貨 / 人情货
• 來路貨 / 来路货 (láilùhuò)
• 來頭貨 / 来头货
• 便宜貨 / 便宜货 (piányihuò)
• 俏貨 / 俏货
• 假貨 / 假货 (jiǎhuò)
• 入眼貨 / 入眼货
• 兩腳貨 / 两脚货
• 公有財貨 / 公有财货
• 冒牌貨 / 冒牌货 (màopáihuò)
• 冷貨 / 冷货
• 冷門貨 / 冷门货
• 出口貨 / 出口货
• 出貨 / 出货 (chūhuò)
• 剔莊貨 / 剔庄货
• 劣貨 / 劣货
• 北貨 / 北货 (běihuò)
• 南北貨 / 南北货
• 南貨 / 南货 (nánhuò)
• 卸貨 / 卸货 (xièhuò)
• 叉路貨 / 叉路货
• 吃貨 / 吃货 (chīhuò)
• 呆貨 / 呆货
• 售貨 / 售货 (shòuhuò)
• 售貨合約 / 售货合约
• 售貨員 / 售货员 (shòuhuòyuán)
• 單法貨制 / 单法货制
• 國貨 / 国货 (guóhuò)
• 土貨 / 土货 (tǔhuò)
• 地攤貨 / 地摊货 (dìtānhuò)
• 堆貨 / 堆货
• 塑膠貨幣 / 塑胶货币
• 外國貨 / 外国货 (wàiguóhuò)
• 外貨 / 外货 (wàihuò)
• 大貨車 / 大货车 (dàhuòchē)
• 大路貨 / 大路货 (dàlùhuò)
• 大陸貨 / 大陆货
• 夯貨 / 夯货
• 奇貨 / 奇货
• 奇貨可居 / 奇货可居 (qíhuòkějū)
• 好貨 / 好货
• 存貨 / 存货 (cúnhuò)
• 孱頭貨 / 孱头货
• 完稅貨價 / 完税货价
• 寶貨 / 宝货 (bǎohuò)
• 寶貨難售 / 宝货难售
• 封貨 / 封货
• 小貨 / 小货
• 小貨車 / 小货车
• 尖貨 / 尖货
• 山貨 / 山货 (shānhuò)
• 布貨 / 布货
• 年貨 / 年货 (niánhuò)
• 廣貨 / 广货
• 強勢貨幣 / 强势货币
• 快貨 / 快货
• 打年貨 / 打年货
• 批貨 / 批货 (pīhuò)
• 掉貨 / 掉货
• 掛貨鋪 / 挂货铺
• 提貨單 / 提货单 (tíhuòdān)
• 搶手貨 / 抢手货 (qiǎngshǒuhuò)
• 摟貨 / 搂货
• 攬貨 / 揽货
• 散裝貨 / 散装货
• 料貨 / 料货
• 期貨 / 期货 (qīhuò)
• 本地貨 / 本地货
• 次貨 / 次货 (cìhuò)
• 歪行貨 / 歪行货
• 殃人貨 / 殃人货
• 殖貨 / 殖货
• 殘貨 / 残货 (cánhuò)
• 殺人越貨 / 杀人越货 (shārényuèhuò)
• 水貨 / 水货 (shuǐhuò)
• 沒添貨 / 没添货
• 法償貨幣 / 法偿货币 (fǎcháng huòbì)
• 泡貨 / 泡货
• 洋廣貨 / 洋广货
• 洋貨 / 洋货 (yánghuò)
• 海貨 / 海货
• 清水貨 / 清水货
• 準貨幣 / 准货币
• 滯貨 / 滞货
• 潑皮貨 / 泼皮货
• 潑腳子貨 / 泼脚子货
• 潑辣貨 / 泼辣货
• 濫貨 / 滥货
• 炒貨 / 炒货 (chǎohuò)
• 炕頭子貨 / 炕头子货
• 烈貨 / 烈货
• 無貨 / 无货
• 熟貨 / 熟货
• 爛汙貨 / 烂污货
• 獄貨非寶 / 狱货非宝
• 獨門子貨 / 独门子货
• 現貨 / 现货 (xiànhuò)
• 現貨市場 / 现货市场
• 生貨 / 生货
• 發貨 / 发货 (fāhuò)
• 百貨 / 百货 (bǎihuò)
• 百貨公司 / 百货公司 (bǎihuò gōngsī)
• 百貨店 / 百货店 (bǎihuòdiàn)
• 百貨業 / 百货业
• 皮貨 / 皮货
• 盤貨 / 盘货 (pánhuò)
• 真貨 / 真货
• 瞎白貨 / 瞎白货
• 瞞貨 / 瞒货
• 硶貨 / 硶货
• 禮行貨 / 礼行货
• 私貨 / 私货 (sīhuò)
• 線上百貨 / 线上百货
• 繡貨 / 绣货
• 缺貨 / 缺货 (quēhuò)
• 老貨 / 老货
• 耍貨 / 耍货
• 膿包貨 / 脓包货
• 舊貨 / 旧货 (jiùhuò)
• 舊貨攤 / 旧货摊 (jiùhuòtān)
• 菜貨 / 菜货
• 落腳貨 / 落脚货
• 蠢貨 / 蠢货 (chǔnhuò)
• 行貨 / 行货 (hánghuò)
• 補助貨幣 / 补助货币
• 訂貨 / 订货 (dìnghuò)
• 訂貨單 / 订货单
• 識貨 / 识货 (shíhuò)
• 財貨 / 财货 (cáihuò)
• 貨主 / 货主 (huòzhǔ)
• 貨倉 / 货仓 (huòcāng)
• 貨價 / 货价
• 貨利 / 货利
• 貨卜 / 货卜
• 貨品 / 货品 (huòpǐn)
• 貨尾 / 货尾 (fo3 mei5)
• 貨布 / 货布
• 貨幣 / 货币 (huòbì)
• 貨幣乘數 / 货币乘数
• 貨幣市場 / 货币市场 (huòbì shìchǎng)
• 貨幣政策 / 货币政策 (huòbì zhèngcè)
• 貨底 / 货底 (huòdǐ)
• 貨暢其流 / 货畅其流
• 貨棧 / 货栈 (huòzhàn)
• 貨樣 / 货样
• 貨機 / 货机 (huòjī)
• 貨櫃 / 货柜 (huòguì)
• 貨櫃船 / 货柜船 (huòguìchuán)
• 貨款 / 货款 (huòkuǎn)
• 貨殖 / 货殖 (huòzhí)
• 貨泉 / 货泉
• 貨源 / 货源 (huòyuán)
• 貨物 / 货物 (huòwù)
• 貨物稅 / 货物税 (huòwùshuì)
• 貨真價實 / 货真价实 (huòzhēnjiàshí)
• 貨短 / 货短
• 貨票 / 货票
• 貨罰 / 货罚
• 貨聲 / 货声
• 貨船 / 货船 (huòchuán)
• 貨艙 / 货舱
• 貨色 / 货色 (huòsè)
• 貨販子 / 货贩子
• 貨賂 / 货赂 (huòlù)
• 貨賄 / 货贿
• 貨賄公行 / 货贿公行
• 貨賂公行 / 货赂公行
• 貨車 / 货车 (huòchē)
• 貨輪 / 货轮 (huòlún)
• 貨運 / 货运 (huòyùn)
• 貨郎 / 货郎 (huòláng)
• 貨郎兒 / 货郎儿
• 貨郎擔兒 / 货郎担儿 (huòlángdànr)
• 貨郎鼓 / 货郎鼓
• 買陳貨 / 买陈货
• 賄貨公行 / 贿货公行
• 賤貨 / 贱货 (jiànhuò)
• 賠錢貨 / 赔钱货
• 起貨 / 起货
• 趁貨兒 / 趁货儿
• 蹩腳貨 / 蹩脚货
• 載貨 / 载货 (zàihuò)
• 輕量貨幣 / 轻量货币
• 辣貨 / 辣货
• 辦貨 / 办货 (bànhuò)
• 退貨 / 退货 (tuìhuò)
• 送貨 / 送货 (sònghuò)
• 通貨 / 通货 (tōnghuò)
• 通貨緊縮 / 通货紧缩 (tōnghuò jǐnsuō)
• 通貨膨脹 / 通货膨胀 (tōnghuò péngzhàng)
• 進口貨 / 进口货 (jìnkǒuhuò)
• 進貨 / 进货 (jìnhuò)
• 配貨 / 配货
• 金屬貨幣 / 金属货币
• 銀貨兩訖 / 银货两讫
• 闒茸貨 / 阘茸货
• 陳貨 / 陈货 (chénhuò)
• 陪錢貨 / 陪钱货
• 隔皮斷貨 / 隔皮断货
• 雌貨 / 雌货
• 雜貨 / 杂货 (záhuò)
• 雜貨店 / 杂货店 (záhuòdiàn)
• 電腦百貨 / 电脑百货
• 食貨 / 食货
• 食貨志 / 食货志
• 騷貨 / 骚货 (sāohuò)
• 驗貨 / 验货 (yànhuò)
• 驗貨單 / 验货单
• 鮮貨 / 鲜货
• 黃貨 / 黄货
• 黑貨 / 黑货 (hēihuò)

 

References

• “貨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• “Entry #7910”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 貨

貨

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: たから (takara, 貨)

Compounds

• 硬貨(こうか) (kōka): coins
• 貨幣(かへい) (kahei): currency

Etymology

Kanji in this term
貨
か Grade: 4
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 貨 (MC xwaH).

Affix

貨(か) • (ka) ^{←くわ (kwa)?}

1. currency
2. goods
3. treasure

Korean

Hanja

貨 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

貨: Hán Nôm readings: hóa/hoá

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.