貨

See also: 货, 賃, and 貸

貨 U+8CA8, 貨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8CA8 ← 貧 [U+8CA7] CJK Unified Ideographs 販 → [U+8CA9]

Translingual

Han character

貨 (Kangxi radical 154, 貝+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人心月山金 (OPBUC), four-corner 2480₆, composition ⿱化貝)

Descendants

• 货

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1205, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36678
• Dae Jaweon: page 1667, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3627, character 1
• Unihan data for U+8CA8

Chinese

trad.		貨
simp.		货

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 貨
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

	Old Chinese
訛	*ŋʷaːl
吪	*ŋʷaːl
鈋	*ŋʷaːl
囮	*lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤	*ŋʷaːl
靴	*hʷa
貨	*hŋʷaːls
花	*hʷraː
化	*hŋʷraːls
杹	*hŋʷraːls
匕	*pilʔ

Characters in the same phonetic series (化) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hŋʷaːls) : phonetic 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls) + semantic 貝 (“shell, money”) – valuable goods.

Etymology

Related to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “to change”), 化 (OC *hŋʷraːls, “to transform”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character	貨
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	呼臥切
Baxter	xwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/huɑH/
Pan Wuyun	/huɑH/
Shao Rongfen	/xuɑH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwaH/
Li Rong	/xuɑH/
Wang Li	/xuɑH/
Bernard Karlgren	/xuɑH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fo3

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	貨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huò
Middle Chinese	‹ xwaH ›
Old Chinese	/*qʷʰˁaj-s/
English	(movable) property, goods
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	貨
Reading #	1/1
No.	5325
Phonetic component	化
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	貨
Old Chinese	/*hŋʷaːls/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): huò (huo⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄛˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): fo³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): fo¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): fo

  (Hailu, HRS): fo^ˇ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): fo⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): hue³
• Northern Min (KCR): hua̿
• Eastern Min (BUC): huó
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): hè / hèr / hòe / hò / hòⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): huê³

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁵hu / ⁵hou
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ho⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: huò
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: huò
    • Wade–Giles: huo⁴
    • Yale: hwò
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huoh
    • Palladius: хо (xo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ɔ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: fo³
    • Yale: fo
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fo³
    • Guangdong Romanization: fo³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔː³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: fo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /fᵘɔ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fo
    • Hakka Romanization System: fo
    • Hagfa Pinyim: fo⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fo⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: fo^ˇ
    • Sinological IPA: /fo¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: fo⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /fo⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: hue³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuɤ⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hua̿
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xua³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: huó
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /huɔ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hè
    • Tâi-lô: hè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hex
    • IPA (Xiamen): /he²¹/
    • IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /he⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /he¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hèr
    • Tâi-lô: hèr
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hə⁴¹/
    • IPA (Lukang): /hə³¹/
    • IPA (Kinmen): /hə¹²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòe
    • Tâi-lô: huè
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoex
    • IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan, Tainan, Kaohsiung): /hue²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hò
    • Tâi-lô: hò
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hoix
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɤ²¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ho²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: hònn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hvox
    • IPA (Taipei): /hɔ̃¹¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔ̃⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃²¹/

Note:

• hè/hèr/hòe - vernacular;
• hò/hòⁿ - literary.

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: huê³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huè
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Chongming, Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁵hu
    • MiniDict: hu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²hu
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /hu³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /hu³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /hu⁴⁵/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁵hou
    • MiniDict: hou^去
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /həu⁵²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: ho⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xo⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: xwaH

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˁaj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hŋʷaːls/

Definitions

貨

1. (literary) money and goods; property

   殺人越貨／杀人越货  ―  shārényuèhuò  ―  to kill people for their property

   • 不貴難得之貨，使民不為盜。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     不贵难得之货，使民不为盗。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Tao Te Ching, 4^th century BCE

     Bù guì nándé zhī huò, shǐ mín bù wéi dào. [Pinyin]

     [N]ot to prize articles which are difficult to procure is the way to keep them from becoming thieves.

2. goods; commodities; products

   現貨／现货  ―  xiànhuò  ―  merchandise in stock

   百貨／百货  ―  bǎihuò  ―  general merchandise

   退貨／退货  ―  tuìhuò  ―  to return goods or merchandise

   今日會有批貨送到嚟。 [Cantonese, trad.]
   今日会有批货送到嚟。 [Cantonese, simp.]

   gam¹ jat⁶ wui⁵ jau⁵ pai¹ fo³ sung³ dou³ lai⁴. [Jyutping]

   (please add an English translation of this usage example)

3. currency

   通貨／通货  ―  tōnghuò  ―  currency

   • 百姓憒亂，其貨不行，民私以五銖錢市買。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     百姓愦乱，其货不行，民私以五铢钱市买。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Han, circa 1^st century CE

     Bǎixìng kuìluàn, qí huò bù xíng, mín sī yǐ wǔ zhū qián shìmǎi. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

4. (derogatory) used to refer to a person

   吃貨／吃货  ―  chīhuò  ―  one who eats all day and does nothing

   蠢貨／蠢货  ―  chǔnhuò  ―  idiot

   • 光頭李，你什麼意思？這倆貨什麼玩意兒，我壓根就不認識！ [MSC, trad.]
     光头李，你什么意思？这俩货什么玩意儿，我压根就不认识！ [MSC, simp.]

     From: 2015 August 22, 芦宏伟 (Lu Hongwei), 《没种就别出来混》, in 《故事会》, →ISSN, issue 590, page 30

     Guāngtóu Lǐ, nǐ shénme yìsī? Zhè liǎ huò shénme wányìr, wǒ yàgēn jiù bù rènshí! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

5. (Southern Min) thing; stuff
6. (obsolete) to bribe
7. (obsolete) to buy; to purchase
8. (obsolete) to sell

   • 有鄉人貨梨於市，頗甘芳，價騰貴。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     有乡人货梨于市，颇甘芳，价腾贵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1740, Pu Songling, 聊齋志異(Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio), Volume 1

     Yǒu xiāngrén huò lí yú shì, pō gān fāng, jià téng guì. [Pinyin]

     There was a villager, selling pears in a market. The pears tastes quite sweet, but they are somewhat expensive.

9. a surname

Compounds

• 一路貨／一路货
• 三寸貨／三寸货
• 下腳貨／下脚货
• 上貨／上货 (shànghuò)
• 乏貨／乏货
• 乾貨／干货 (gānhuò)
• 乾貨船／干货船
• 二手貨／二手货 (èrshǒuhuò)
• 交貨／交货 (jiāohuò)
• 人情貨／人情货
• 來路貨／来路货 (láilùhuò)
• 來頭貨／来头货
• 便宜貨／便宜货 (piányihuò)
• 俏貨／俏货
• 假貨／假货 (jiǎhuò)
• 入眼貨／入眼货
• 兩腳貨／两脚货
• 公有財貨／公有财货
• 冒牌貨／冒牌货 (màopáihuò)
• 冷貨／冷货
• 冷門貨／冷门货
• 出口貨／出口货
• 出貨／出货 (chūhuò)
• 剔莊貨／剔庄货
• 劣貨／劣货
• 北貨／北货 (běihuò)
• 南北貨／南北货
• 南貨／南货 (nánhuò)
• 卸貨／卸货 (xièhuò)
• 叉路貨／叉路货
• 吃貨／吃货 (chīhuò)
• 呆貨／呆货
• 售貨／售货 (shòuhuò)
• 售貨合約／售货合约
• 售貨員／售货员 (shòuhuòyuán)
• 單法貨制／单法货制
• 國貨／国货 (guóhuò)
• 土貨／土货 (tǔhuò)
• 地攤貨／地摊货 (dìtānhuò)
• 堆貨／堆货
• 塑膠貨幣／塑胶货币
• 外國貨／外国货 (wàiguóhuò)
• 外貨／外货 (wàihuò)
• 大貨車／大货车 (dàhuòchē)
• 大路貨／大路货 (dàlùhuò)
• 大陸貨／大陆货
• 夯貨／夯货
• 奇貨／奇货
• 奇貨可居／奇货可居 (qíhuòkějū)
• 好貨／好货
• 存貨／存货 (cúnhuò)
• 孱頭貨／孱头货
• 完稅貨價／完税货价
• 寶貨／宝货 (bǎohuò)
• 寶貨難售／宝货难售
• 封貨／封货
• 小貨／小货
• 小貨車／小货车
• 尖貨／尖货
• 山貨／山货 (shānhuò)
• 布貨／布货
• 年貨／年货 (niánhuò)
• 廣貨／广货
• 強勢貨幣／强势货币
• 快貨／快货
• 打年貨／打年货
• 批貨／批货 (pīhuò)
• 掉貨／掉货
• 掛貨鋪／挂货铺
• 提貨單／提货单 (tíhuòdān)
• 搶手貨／抢手货 (qiǎngshǒuhuò)
• 摟貨／搂货
• 攬貨／揽货
• 散裝貨／散装货
• 料貨／料货
• 期貨／期货 (qīhuò)
• 本地貨／本地货
• 次貨／次货 (cìhuò)
• 歪行貨／歪行货
• 殃人貨／殃人货
• 殖貨／殖货
• 殘貨／残货 (cánhuò)
• 殺人越貨／杀人越货 (shārényuèhuò)
• 水貨／水货 (shuǐhuò)
• 沒添貨／没添货
• 法償貨幣／法偿货币 (fǎcháng huòbì)
• 泡貨／泡货
• 洋廣貨／洋广货
• 洋貨／洋货 (yánghuò)
• 海貨／海货
• 清水貨／清水货
• 準貨幣／准货币
• 滯貨／滞货
• 潑皮貨／泼皮货
• 潑腳子貨／泼脚子货
• 潑辣貨／泼辣货
• 濫貨／滥货
• 炒貨／炒货 (chǎohuò)
• 炕頭子貨／炕头子货
• 烈貨／烈货
• 無貨／无货
• 熟貨／熟货
• 爛汙貨／烂污货
• 獄貨非寶／狱货非宝
• 獨門子貨／独门子货
• 現貨／现货 (xiànhuò)
• 現貨市場／现货市场
• 生貨／生货
• 發貨／发货 (fāhuò)
• 百貨／百货 (bǎihuò)
• 百貨公司／百货公司 (bǎihuò gōngsī)
• 百貨店／百货店 (bǎihuòdiàn)
• 百貨業／百货业
• 皮貨／皮货
• 盤貨／盘货 (pánhuò)
• 真貨／真货
• 瞎白貨／瞎白货
• 瞞貨／瞒货
• 硶貨／硶货
• 禮行貨／礼行货
• 私貨／私货 (sīhuò)
• 線上百貨／线上百货
• 繡貨／绣货
• 缺貨／缺货 (quēhuò)
• 老貨／老货
• 耍貨／耍货
• 膿包貨／脓包货
• 舊貨／旧货 (jiùhuò)
• 舊貨攤／旧货摊 (jiùhuòtān)
• 菜貨／菜货
• 落腳貨／落脚货
• 蠢貨／蠢货 (chǔnhuò)
• 行貨／行货 (hánghuò)
• 補助貨幣／补助货币
• 訂貨／订货 (dìnghuò)
• 訂貨單／订货单
• 識貨／识货 (shíhuò)
• 財貨／财货 (cáihuò)
• 貨主／货主 (huòzhǔ)
• 貨倉／货仓 (huòcāng)
• 貨價／货价
• 貨利／货利
• 貨卜／货卜
• 貨品／货品 (huòpǐn)
• 貨尾／货尾 (fo3 mei5)
• 貨布／货布
• 貨幣／货币 (huòbì)
• 貨幣乘數／货币乘数
• 貨幣市場／货币市场 (huòbì shìchǎng)
• 貨幣政策／货币政策 (huòbì zhèngcè)
• 貨底／货底 (huòdǐ)
• 貨暢其流／货畅其流
• 貨棧／货栈 (huòzhàn)
• 貨樣／货样
• 貨機／货机 (huòjī)
• 貨櫃／货柜 (huòguì)
• 貨櫃船／货柜船 (huòguìchuán)
• 貨款／货款 (huòkuǎn)
• 貨殖／货殖 (huòzhí)
• 貨泉／货泉
• 貨源／货源 (huòyuán)
• 貨物／货物 (huòwù)
• 貨物稅／货物税 (huòwùshuì)
• 貨真價實／货真价实 (huòzhēnjiàshí)
• 貨短／货短
• 貨票／货票
• 貨罰／货罚
• 貨聲／货声
• 貨船／货船 (huòchuán)
• 貨艙／货舱
• 貨色／货色 (huòsè)
• 貨販子／货贩子
• 貨賂／货赂 (huòlù)
• 貨賄／货贿
• 貨賄公行／货贿公行
• 貨賂公行／货赂公行
• 貨車／货车 (huòchē)
• 貨輪／货轮 (huòlún)
• 貨運／货运 (huòyùn)
• 貨郎／货郎 (huòláng)
• 貨郎兒／货郎儿
• 貨郎擔兒／货郎担儿 (huòlángdànr)
• 貨郎鼓／货郎鼓
• 買陳貨／买陈货
• 賄貨公行／贿货公行
• 賤貨／贱货 (jiànhuò)
• 賠錢貨／赔钱货
• 起貨／起货
• 趁貨兒／趁货儿
• 蹩腳貨／蹩脚货
• 載貨／载货
• 輕量貨幣／轻量货币
• 辣貨／辣货
• 辦貨／办货 (bànhuò)
• 退貨／退货 (tuìhuò)
• 送貨／送货 (sònghuò)
• 通貨／通货 (tōnghuò)
• 通貨緊縮／通货紧缩 (tōnghuò jǐnsuō)
• 通貨膨脹／通货膨胀 (tōnghuò péngzhàng)
• 進口貨／进口货 (jìnkǒuhuò)
• 進貨／进货 (jìnhuò)
• 配貨／配货
• 金屬貨幣／金属货币
• 銀貨兩訖／银货两讫
• 闒茸貨／阘茸货
• 陳貨／陈货 (chénhuò)
• 陪錢貨／陪钱货
• 隔皮斷貨／隔皮断货
• 雌貨／雌货
• 雜貨／杂货 (záhuò)
• 雜貨店／杂货店 (záhuòdiàn)
• 電腦百貨／电脑百货
• 食貨／食货
• 食貨志／食货志
• 騷貨／骚货 (sāohuò)
• 驗貨／验货 (yànhuò)
• 驗貨單／验货单
• 鮮貨／鲜货
• 黃貨／黄货
• 黑貨／黑货 (hēihuò)

 

References

• “貨”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• “Entry #7910”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 貨

貨

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
• Kun: たから (takara, 貨)

Compounds

• 硬貨(こうか) (kōka): coins
• 貨幣(かへい) (kahei): currency

Etymology

Kanji in this term
貨
か Grade: 4
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 貨 (MC xwaH).

Affix

貨(か) • (ka) ^{←くわ (kwa)?}

1. currency
2. goods
3. treasure

Korean

Hanja

貨 • (hwa) (hangeul 화, revised hwa, McCune–Reischauer hwa, Yale hwa)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

貨: Hán Nôm readings: hóa/hoá

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.