List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs

This is a list of reigning non-sovereign monarchs in Asia, including traditional rulers and governing constitutional monarchs, but not the kings of Bahrain, Bhutan, Cambodia, Jordan, Saudi Arabia or Thailand, the emperor of Japan, the sultans of Brunei or Oman, or the emirs of Kuwait or Qatar. Each monarch listed below reigns over a legally recognised dominion, but in most cases possess little or no sovereign governing power. Their titles, however, are recognised by the state. Entries are listed beside their respective dominions, and are grouped by country.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

For current sovereign monarchs, see List of current monarchs of sovereign states.

Indonesia

Present information regarding governmental recognition of traditional monarchs in Indonesia is inadequate. In some instances below, pre-colonial polities have been restored, and the royal titles of their leaders have been nominally confirmed. In other cases, the government has refused to revive monarchies that had been abolished during the earliest years of the republic. Despite the historical suppression of these dynasties, a large number have retained their culture, identity, and their status within their own communities. Royal titles are still widely used, bestowed in formal enthronement ceremonies conducted without formal recognition from Jakarta.^{[citation needed]}

In recent years, the number of dynasties receiving recognition as nominal cultural authorities has steadily increased.^[1] However, because it remains unclear as to which monarchies have not yet been recognised, the list below will contain all extant Indonesian dynasties on which there is information available. Monarchs that have explicitly been denied recognition are listed under pretenders. The Sultan of Yogyakarta and the Duke of Pakualaman are listed separately due to the constitutional nature of their position.

State	Constituent	Monarch	Since	House	Type	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Yogyakarta	Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X	2 October 1988 [id 1]	House of Mataram Hamengkubuwono Family	Limited [id 2]	Hereditary	[2]
Indonesia	Pakualaman	Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Paku Alam X	7 January 2016	House of Mataram Paku Alam Family	Limited [id 2]	Hereditary	[3]

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Bangli	Anak Agung Made Rai Rama	1961	Gelgel	Hereditary	[4]
	Buleleng	Anak Agung Ngurah Brawida	2 June 1978	Sangket [id 3]	Hereditary	[4]
	Denpasar	Tjokorda Ngurah Jambe [id 4]	25 November 2005	Pemecutan [id 5]	Hereditary	[5]
	Gianyar	Anak Agung Gde Agung II	22 April 1999		Hereditary	[4]
	Karangasem	Anak Agung Gde Agung Putra Agung	9 April 2009	Karangasem	Hereditary
	Kasiman	Tjokorda Ngurah Kusuma Wardhana	22 April 1989	Kasiman [id 5]	Hereditary	[6]
	Klungkung	Dewa Agung Ida Dalem Semaraputra	10 October 2010	Klungkung [id 3]	Hereditary	[4]
	Pamecutan	Tjokorda Ngurah Manik Parisara [id 4]	1986	Pemecutan [id 5]	Hereditary	[7]
	Tabanan	Tjokorda Anglurah	21 March 2008		Hereditary
	Ubud	Vacant [id 6]	20 July 1978	Sukawati	Hereditary	[8]

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Banjarmasin	Sultan Khairul Saleh	24 July 2010	Alwatzkubillah [id 7]	Hereditary	[9]
	Bulungan	Sultan Abdul Hamid	2 December 2008		Hereditary
	Kutai	Sultan Aji Muhammad Arifin		Kutai [id 8]	Hereditary	[9]
	Kubu	Tuan Besar Syarif Ibrahim bin Syarif Nyoh	4 March 2008	Al Idrus	Hereditary	[10]
	Kotawaringin	Pangeran Ratu Alidin Sukma Alamsyah	2010[11]	Alwatzkubillah [id 7]	Hereditary
	Landak	Pangeran Ratu Suryansyah Amiruddin	24 January 2000	Ismahayana [id 8]	Hereditary	[12]
	Matan	Pangeran Ratu Uti Iwan Kusnadi	11 August 2004		Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Mempawah	Pangeran Ratu Mulawangsa Mardan Adijaya	12 August 2002	Amantubillah [id 9]	Hereditary	[13][14]
	Pasir	Pangeran Ratu Abdul Rasyid	16 October 2000	Belengkong [id 9]	Hereditary
	Pontianak	Sultan Syarif Mahmud Alkadrie	17 July 2017[15]	Al Kadri [id 10]	Hereditary	[9]
	Sambaliung	Sultan Fachruddin	19 October 2009	Berau	Hereditary
	Sambas	Pangeran Ratu Muhammad Tarhan	3 February 2008 [id 11]	Alwatzkubillah [id 7]	Hereditary
	Sanggau	Pangeran Ratu Arman Surya	26 July 2009	Suryanegara	Hereditary
	Sekadau	Pangeran Agung Muhammad Efendi	28 February 2009		Hereditary	[16]
	Selimbau	Panembahan Muhammad Asbi	2004	Assidiqi	Hereditary
	Simpang [id 12]	Sultan Muhammad Jamaluddin II	31 May 2008		Hereditary
	Sintang	Panembahan Kusuma Negara V	17 September 2003 [id 13]	Kusumanegara	Hereditary	[citation needed]

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Banten	Sultan Syarif Muhammad ash-Shafiuddin	11 December 2016	Surosowan	Hereditary
	Kacirebonan	Sultan Abdul Gani Natadiningrat III	28 October 1997	Kacirebonan [id 14]	Hereditary
	Kanoman	Sultan Muhammad Emiruddin [id 15]	6 March 2003	Kanoman [id 14]	Hereditary
	Kasepuhan	Sultan Sepuh XIV	30 April 2010	Kasepuhan [id 14]	Hereditary	[4]
	Mangkunegaran	Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Mangkunegara X	12 March 2022	House of Mataram Mangkunegaran Family [id 16]	Hereditary	[17]
	Sumedang [id 17]	Paduka Yang Mulia Sri Radya Lukman Soemadisoeria		Sumedang Larang [id 17]	Hereditary
	Surakarta [id 18]	Susuhunan Pakubuwono XIII [id 19]	10 September 2004	House of Mataram Pakubuwana Family [id 16]	Hereditary	[18]

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Amahai	Upu Latu Johan Dominggus Hallatu	1954	Hallatu Ruma Iralo	Hereditary and elective	[citation needed]
	Atiahu	Jou Muhammadiyah Wailissa		Wailissa	Hereditary	[19]
	Bacan	Sultan Al-Abd-Al-Rahim Gary bin Gahral	19 November 2010	Kamarullah	Hereditary and elective [id 20]
	Faan	Raja Patris	April 2002	Renwarin	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Hitu	Upu Latu Salhana Pellu	21 March 2007	Hitulama	Hereditary
	Jailolo	Sultan Abdullah Syah	January 2002		Hereditary
	Kisar	Raja Johannis Bakker		Bakker	Hereditary
	Loloda	Jogugu Lutfi Muhammad Syamsuddin	30 August 2009	Syamsuddin	Hereditary
	Soya	Raja Johan Lodewijk Rehatta	9 December 2005 [id 21]	Rehatta [id 22]	Hereditary and elective	[20]
	Tulehu	Upu Latu John Saleh Ohorella	13 February 2003	Ohorella	Hereditary	[21]
	Ternate	Sultan Hidayatullah Sjah [id 23]	18 December 2021		Hereditary	[22]
	Tidore	Sultan Djafar Syah	28 October 1999		Hereditary	[9]

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Arguni	Raja Hanafi Pauspaus		Pauspaus[id 24]	Hereditary
	Atiati	Raja Muhammad Syahrul Yusuf Bay	14 February 2018	Kerewaindżai [id 25]	Hereditary	[23]
	Fatagar	Raja Taufiq Heru	31 December 2009	Uswanas [id 26]	Hereditary
	Kaimana	Rat Umis Abdul Hakim Achmad	1980	Aituarauw [id 27]	Hereditary
	Namatota	Ratu Randi Asnawi Ombaier	2017	Ombaier [id 27]	Hereditary	[24]
	Patipi	Raja Atarai Iba [id 28]	2022	Sameni [id 29]	Hereditary
	Rumbati	Raja Hamrad Pitupuwah Bauw	2 May 2019	Bauw	Hereditary	[25]
	Salawati	Raja Muhammad Tahir Arfan		Arfan	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Sekar	Raja Arief Rumagesan		Rumagesan	Hereditary	[26]
	Wertuar	Raja Musa Heremba	15 April 1988	Heremba	Hereditary

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Baa	Manek Paulus Dae Pane	1998	Dae Pane	Hereditary
	Bokai	Manek Herman Dupe	1 January 1961 [id 30]	Dupe	Hereditary
	Dehla	Manek Nehemia Ndun	2 October 1972 [id 31]	Ndun	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Dengka	Vacant [id 32]	1970	Tungga	Hereditary
	Korbafo	Vacant [id 33]	6 March 2000	Manubulu	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Landu	Vacant [id 34]	18 March 2008	Johannes	Hereditary
	Lelain	Manek Yunus Besi		Besi	Hereditary
	Lelenuk	Manek Christoffel Daik	28 September 1994	Daik	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Loleh	Manek Soleman Zacharias	15 July 2003 [id 35]	Zacharias	Hereditary
	Ndao	Manek Soleman Kotten	1968	Kotten	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Oenale	Manek Christoffel Hanok Lenggu		Lenggu	Hereditary
	Oepao	Manek Jefry Sjioen	2005	Sjioen	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Ringgou	Vacant [id 36]	22 March 2002	Daoed	Hereditary
	Termanu	Manek Soleman Jeremias Amalo [id 37]	14 October 2007	Amalo	Hereditary
	Thie	Vacant [id 38]	25 January 2010	Mburalae	Hereditary

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Balangnipa	Maradia Fadly Patayangi	19 November 2005		Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Banawa	Vacant [id 39]	16 November 2006		Hereditary	[27]
	Banggai	Tomundo Mohamad Fikran Ramadhan [id 40]	29 January 2010	Awaluddin	Hereditary
	Barru	Vacant [id 41]		House of Royal Buginese Barru	Hereditary
	Bone	Arumpone Baso Hamid	7 April 2006	House of Royal Buginese Bone	Hereditary
	Buton [id 42]	Sultan La Ode Mohammad Izat Manarfa	27 November 2006	Kumbewahatak	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Gowa	Sultan Kumala Idjo Batara Gowa III [id 43]	2014		Hereditary
	Luwu	Tuanku Datu Haji Andi Maradang Mackulau S.H.	December 2012	House of Royal Buginese Luwu	Hereditary	[28]
	Mamuju	Maradia Maksum Dai		Mak Lonjok	Hereditary	[29]
	Mori	Vacant [id 44]			Hereditary
	Sanrabone	Karaeng Ali Mallombasi	25 July 2008	Sanrabone	Hereditary
	Soppeng	Datu Unru Mappanjantji	2001		Hereditary

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Asahan	Sultan Kamal Abrahim	17 May 1980 [id 45]	Pinangawan	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Bangkara [id 46]	Raja Sisingamangaraja XV [id 47]	24 December 1972	Pasaribu [id 48]	Hereditary
	Deli	Sultan Aria Lamanjiji [id 49]	22 July 2005	Maimun	Hereditary	[30]
	Dolok Silau	Raja Tanjar Gaim Purba Tambak	23 November 2008	Purba	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Indragiri	Sultan Tengku Arief	1 February 1986		Hereditary
	Jambi	Sultan Abdurrahman Taha Syaifuddin Syah	18 March 2012		Hereditary and elective	[31]
	Langkat	Sultan Azwar Abdul Jalil	21 May 2003		Hereditary and elective	[citation needed]
	Pagaruyung	Raja Alam Muhammad Taufik Thaib [id 50]	10 June 2007	Adityawarman [id 51]	Hereditary
	Palembang	Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin III	4 March 2003		Hereditary	[32]
	Pelalawan	Tengku Besar Kamaruddin bin Harun	7 August 2008	Al Shahab	Hereditary
	Serdang	Sultan Basyarsyah II	28 January 2001 [id 52]	Alamsyah	Hereditary
	Siguntur	Sultan Hendri Tuanku Bagindo Ratu	1968	Siguntur [id 51]	Hereditary	[33]

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Amanatun	Usif Pah Gustaf Immanuel [id 53]	26 September 1996	Banunaek [id 54]	Hereditary	[34]
	Amanuban	Usif Pah Nesi Nope	1980	Nope [id 55]	Hereditary	[35]
	Amarasi	Usif Pah Robert Maurits Koroh	1990	Koroh [id 56]	Hereditary	[36]
	Amfoan	Usif Pah Robert Gordon Manoh	27 September 2001	Manoch [id 54]	Hereditary	[37]
	Biboki	Usif Pah Johanis Tnesi Us		Boko	Hereditary	[38]
	Boti	Usif Pah Nama Benu	March 2005 [id 57]	Benu	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Fialarang	Loro Jadokus Manek	1990	Da Costa [id 58]	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Insana	Usif Pah Theodorus Taolin [id 59]	1991	Taolin	Hereditary	[39]
	Kupang	Usif Pah Leopold Nicolaas Nisnoni [id 60]	July 2004 [id 61]	Nisnoni [id 54]	Elective and hereditary	[43]
	Lamaknen	Loro Josef Kalimau	16 October 2003	Bunak [id 62]	Elective and hereditary [id 63]	[44]
	Miomaffo [id 64]	Usif Pah Alfons Kono	1986	Kono	Hereditary	[45]
	Mollo	Usif Pah Edison Oematan	12 August 2001	Oematan	Hereditary	[46]
	Noimuti	Usif Pah Antonius da Costa		Da Costa [id 58]	Hereditary	[47]
	Wehali	Disputed [id 65]	11 May 2003	Waihale [id 66]	Hereditary
East Timor	Oecusse [as 1]	Liurai Antonio I	4 May 2001 [as 2]	Da Costa [as 3]	Hereditary

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Indonesia	Anakalang	Raja Sappi Pateduk II	1992		Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Barnusa	Raja Akbar Salim [id 67]		Baso	Hereditary
	Batulolong	Raja Constantijn Karimalei	1996	Karimalei	Hereditary	[48]
	Bima	Jena Teke Zulkarnain [id 68]	17 June 2001 [id 69]	Dewa Dalam Bawa	Hereditary	[49]
	Dompu	Vacant [id 70]	1964	Sirajuddin	Hereditary
	Kolana	Raja Yusuf Makunimau	1996	Makunimau [id 71]	Hereditary
	Kui	Raja Kaharuddin Kinanggi		Kinanggi	Hereditary	[50]
	Lamakera	Raja Abdul Gafur Ibrahim	1987	Dasi	Hereditary
	Lewa	Raja Pingi Ai	23 January 1978		Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Lohayong	Sengaji Muhamad Idrus	February 2008	Kalake	Hereditary	[citation needed]
	Riau-Lingga	Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah ibni Almarhum Yamtuan Muda Riau X Raja Muhammad Yusuf	8 April 1964	House of Royal Buginese Luwu Opu Daeng Chelak Family [id 72]	Hereditary	[51]
	Sumbawa	Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin IV	5 April 2011	Kaharuddin	Hereditary	[52]

List of Indonesian monarchs

Bali

Borneo

Java

Maluku

Papua

Roti

Sulawesi

Sumatra

Timor

Others

Malaysia

State	Constituent	Monarch	Since	House	Type	Succession	Refs
Malaysia	Johor	Sultan Ibrahim Ismail	22 January 2010 [my 1]	House of Temenggong Johor	Constitutional	Hereditary	[53]
	Kedah	Sultan Sallehuddin	12 September 2017	House of Mahawangsa		Hereditary	[53]
	Kelantan	Sultan Muhammad V [my 2]	13 September 2010	House of Long Yunus		Hereditary	[53]
	Negeri Sembilan	Tuanku Muhriz	29 December 2008	House of Royal Pagaruyung-Negeri Sembilan		Hereditary and elective [my 3]	[53]
	Pahang	Al-Sultan Sultan Abdullah	15 January 2019 [my 4]	House of Bendahara Johor-Pahang		Hereditary	[53]
	Perak	Sultan Nazrin Shah	29 May 2014 [my 5]	House of Siak-Perak		Hereditary	[53]
	Perlis	Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin	17 April 2000	House of Jamalullail		Hereditary	[53]
	Selangor	Sultan Sharafuddin	21 November 2001 [my 6]	House of Royal Buginese Luwu Opu Daeng Chelak Family		Hereditary	[53]
	Terengganu	Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin	16 May 1998 [my 7]	House of Bendahara Johor-Terengganu		Hereditary	[53]

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Negeri Sembilan[my 8]	Jelebu	Dato' Mendika Menteri Akhirulzaman Dato' Haji Maarof bin Haji Mat Rashad	2018	House of Kemim	Elective and hereditary [my 9]	[54]
	Johol	Dato' Johan Pahlawan Lela Perkasa Setiawan Dato' Muhammad bin Haji Abdullah	27 March 2016	House of Gemencheh	Elective and hereditary [my 10]	[55][56]
	Naning [my 11]	Dato' Mohd Nazrol Bin Mahamad Sapar	2020		Elective and hereditary	[57]
	Rembau			House of Jakun	Elective and hereditary [my 12]	[58][59]
	Sungai Ujong	Dato' Klana Petra Dato' Mubarak Dohak	29 December 1993	House of Hulu	Elective and hereditary [my 13]	[60][61]
	Tampin	Tunku Syed Razman bin Tunku Syed Idrus Al-Qadri	26 December 2005[my 14]	House of Al Qadri	Hereditary [my 15]	[62][63]

Philippines

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Philippines	Buayan	Sultan Mohammad Amil Kusain	28 June 2008	Camsa	Hereditary
	Lanao [fi 1]	Sultan Mastura Manabilang	25 May 1996	A Maranao dynasty. The current sultan belongs principally to the House of Madaya. He also descends from the houses of Lombayao, and Marantao.	Elective	[64][65]
	Maguindanao	Macapado Benito [fi 2]	11 January 2006	Kudarat	Hereditary	[66]
	Panay	Sultan Cipriano Querol Jr.	13 February 2011	Querol	Unclear	[67][68]
	Sulu	Sultan Muedzul Lail-Tan Kiram[69]	16 September 2012	Kiram	Hereditary	[70]
	Talik	Sultan Col. Datu Nasser	13 August 2005	Pendatun, Sr., Al-Haj	Hereditary	[71]
	Lanao confederates
	Bacolod	Sultan Madki Maurak		Bacolod [fi 3]	Hereditary	[72]
	Baloi	Sultan Camad Mangotara Ali		Baloi [fi 3]	Hereditary	[73]
	Bansayan	Sultan Calicozaman Basman		Bansayan [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]
	Bayang	Sultan Ali Manding		Bayang [fi 3]	Hereditary	[64]
	Borocot	Sultan Saidali Baniaga		Dirampaten [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]
	Butig	Sultan Nasroden Ador		Butig [fi 3]	Hereditary	[75]
	Cabugatan	Datu Manaros Simbaan		Cabugatan [fi 3]	Hereditary	[76]
	Ditsaan	Sultan Tamano Pandapata		Ditsaan [fi 3]	Hereditary	[77]
	Dumalondong	Sultan Macaurog Guinar		Domalondong [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]
	Maribo	Sultan Nasser Magomnang		Maribo [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]
	Masiu	Sultan Topaan Disomimba	4 February 2002	Masiu [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]
	Minitupad	Sultan Pagaranganan Mitmug		Minitupad [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]
	Pagayawan	Sultan Mamasaranao Mulok		Pagayawan [fi 3]	Hereditary	[64]
	Ramain	Sultan Patadatu Bayas	11 December 2002	Ramain [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]
	Rogon	Sultan Bangcola Adtha		Rogon [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]
	Taporog	Sultan Farouk Sharif	July 1998	Taporog [fi 3]	Hereditary	[74]

South Asia

State	Polity	Monarch	Since	House	Succession	Refs
Bangladesh	Bohmong [as 4]	Raja Chaw Prue	1959	Chowdhury	Hereditary and elective	[78][79]
	Chakma [as 5]	Raja Debashish	12 November 1971	Roy	Hereditary	[80][81]
	Mong [as 6]	Raja Saching Prue	22 October 2008 [as 7]	Chowdhury	Hereditary and elective	[82][83]
India [as 8]	Daher-Amla	Raja Tapatrao Anandrao		Bhil	Hereditary	[84][85]
	Gadhvi	Raja Yashwant Rao [as 9]			Hereditary
	Linga	Raja Bhavarsingh			Hereditary
	Pimpri	Raja Trikamrao Sahebrao			Hereditary
	Vasurna	Raja Chandra Singh			Hereditary

United Arab Emirates

State	Constituent	Monarch	Since	House	Type	Succession	Refs
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan	14 May 2022	Al Nahyan [me 1]	Limited [me 2]	Hereditary	[86]
	Ajman	Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III	6 September 1981	Al Nuaim [me 3]		Hereditary	[86]
	Dubai	Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid	4 January 2006	Al Maktoum [me 4]		Hereditary	[86]
	Fujairah	Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed	18 September 1974	Al Sharqi [me 5]		Hereditary	[86]
	Ras al-Khaimah	Sheikh Saud bin Saqr	27 October 2010 [me 6]	Al Qasimi [me 7]		Hereditary	[86]
	Sharjah	Sheikh Sultan III bin Mohamed	23 June 1987 [me 8]	Al Qasimi [me 7]		Hereditary	[86]
	Umm al-Qaiwain	Sheikh Saud bin Rashid	2 January 2009	Al Mu‘alla		Hereditary	[86]

Notes

Indonesia

1. Formally installed on 7 March 1989.
2. While state law requires that all provincial governors be elected, in the case of Yogyakarta, the sultan is given priority during elections, and therefore is always the default governor. In addition, the reigning Pakualam (see under Java) is normally given preference when selecting the vice-governor. As in other provinces, considerable administrative power is also ceded to the central government.
3. A branch of the Gelgel dynasty.
4. The rajas of Denpasar and Pamecutan, two dynastical divisions of the formerly unified kingdom of Badung, both use the hereditary regnal name "Pemecutan". Ngurah Jambe of Denpasar is formally referred to as Pemecutan IX, while Ngurah Manik of Pamecutan is known as Pemecutan XI. The numerical appendages are not interconnected.
5. A branch of the Badung dynasty.
6. The previous head of the royal family and the last recognised king of Ubud, Tjokorda Gde Agung Sukawati, died in 1978. His eldest son, Gde Putra, is the present head of the family. He has not yet been installed as king, however, and instead serves as prince regent.
7. A Banjar dynasty.
8. A Dayak dynasty.
9. A House of Royal Buginese Mempawah
10. Also known as the Alkadrie, Kadriah, or Kadariah dynasty.
11. Muhammad Tarhan succeeded as head of the royal family following the death of his father in 2008. Like his father, however, he has not been installed as sultan, and instead acts as prince regent. He is also a minor, born in 1993.
12. Also commonly written as Sampang.
13. Muhammad Ikhsani Syafiuddin was recognised as Panembahan of Sintang by the government in 2003. He was formally enthroned as Panembahan Sri Kusuma Negara V on 26 September 2005.
14. A branch of the Cirebon dynasty. In 1662, the sultanate of Cirebon was divided between three branches of the ruling dynasty: (in order of seniority) Kasepuhan, Kanoman, and Kacirebonan. All three lines were nominally restored in 2002.
15. Following the death of the previous sultan, Muhammad Djalaluddin, a dispute of succession arose between two of his sons. Muhammad Emiruddin, the current occupant of the palace, is the rightful heir to his father according to the relevant laws of succession. He was actively opposed by his elder half-brother, Muhammad Saladin, who was "installed" by his supporters on 5 March 2003. Saladin later renounced his claim on 12 September 2003, and the local government has recognised Emiruddin as the sole successor.
16. A branch of the Kartasura dynasty.
17. Now it covers the entire Sumedang Regency area.
18. Also commonly known as Solo.
19. Upon the death of Pakubuwono XII in 2004, with no successor named, there arose two rival claims to the throne. Two of his sons, Hangabehi and Tejowulan, each had themselves "crowned" as the next Susuhunan. The dispute likely still exists, although family consensus apparently favours the elder brother, Hangabehi, who is also the sole titleholder recognised by the government. In either case, both claimants would use the regnal name of Pakubuwono XIII.
20. The sultan is selected from amongst a group of royal candidates by a council of the family's four main branches: Iskandar Alam, Tarafannur, Kamarullah, and Tunggulawang, each of which is descended from a past sultan. Since 1797, the sultans have been exclusively of the Kamarullah branch.
21. Lodewijk was selected as raja on 24 May 2005. He was installed later, in December of the same year.
22. A branch of the House of Pesulima, which is descended from the Majapahit kings of Java.
23. Since 1380, the rulers of Ternate have also held the title Kolano Maloko, which denotes supremacy among the Moluccan sultanates. Prior to then it had been worn by the ruler of Jailolo.
24. The royal family of is well known for producing albino kings, hence the king is often called Raja Bule.
25. The royal family of Atiati is descended from the neighbouring dynasty of Rumbati (Menaue Bauw).
26. The royal family of Fatagar is descended from the neighbouring dynasty of Rumbati.
27. A Kowiai dynasty.
28. The last raja of Patipi, Usman Iba, died in 2003. His brother, Achmad Iba, served as regent until 2022 when the late raja's son, the Raja Muda Atarai Iba ascended the throne.
29. A sept of the Koeman Iba clan, which descends from the Segera tribe of Kampung Patipi Pasir.
30. Herman Dupe was the last reigning manek of Bokai, effectively ruling from 1961 until the state was abolished by the Indonesian government in 1968. Presumably, recognition of his title was abolished concurrently. The date of the nominal restoration of this monarchy is not known.
31. Formal enthronement took place in 2000.
32. The last manek of Dengka died in 1970. His heir apparent, who has not yet acceded to the throne, is Prince Jeremias Tungga. At present, Prince Godlief Eliazar Tungga serves as prince regent.
33. The last manek of Korbafo, Leoanan Nathaniel Manubulu, died in 2000. The throne has remained vacant since then.
34. The last manek of Landu, Marthen Matheos Johannes, died in 2008. His son Willem Marthen Johannes is the heir apparent, but has not been enthroned. He serves as prince regent.
35. Formal enthronement took place in 2004.
36. The last manek of Ringgou, Hendrik Daoed, died in 2002. His son Christian Daoed is the heir apparent, but has not yet been enthroned. He serves as prince regent.
37. Known within his community as "Bea". According to sources, the throne was scheduled to pass to Soleman's brother, Joël Amalo, in 2009. This has not been confirmed.
38. The last manek of Thie, Benjamin Messakh, died in 2010. His successor has yet to be confirmed.
39. The last raja, Adam Ardjad Lamarauna, died in 2006. His son and heir, Wajar Lamarauna, has yet to be formally installed as his successor.
40. The present tomundo, born in 1993, is a minor, and reigns alongside a regent.
41. The throne of the arung of Barru has been vacant for over fifty years. Since then, the head of the royal family is Hasanuddin Petta Tawang, who acts as regent.
42. Also written as Butung, or in Dutch as Boeton.
43. The deposed monarchy of Gowa, also known after its capital Makassar, was nominally restored by the government in 2001 || House of Royal Buginese Gowa || The throne of the Somba has been vacant since then. The current head of the royal family (since 1978), and heir to the throne, is Andi Kumala Karaeng Sila.
44. The throne of the mokole of Mori is vacant. The present head of the royal family is Kumampu Marunduh. There are reportedly plans to install a young prince as mokole in the near future.
45. Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 6 April 1980; he was formally enthroned later in May.
46. Also commonly written as Bakkara.
47. Also known by his birth name, Tonggo Tua Sinambela. It is unclear whether or not he has been recognised, or enthroned.
48. A Batak dynasty.
49. The present sultan, born in 1997, is a minor. His grand uncle, the Raja Muda Tengku Hamdi Osman, acts as regent.
50. The Pagaruyung kingdom was traditionally headed by a tripartite monarchy, consisting of the Raja Alam, the Raja Adat and the Raja Ibadat, collectively known as the "Kings of the Three Seats". The latter two were religious titles, while the first was considered the paramount ruler (or emperor) of the temporal world.
51. A Minangkabau dynasty. The seat of the Minangkabau emperor, who is considered the paramount monarch of all Minangkabauw people in Sumatra and Malaya, is Pagaruyung.
52. Formally enthroned in January 2003, after having been recognised by the government.
53. Known within his community as "Gia".
54. An Atoni dynasty.
55. An Atoni dynasty. Maternally, members of the royal family also belong to the Nitbani and Asbanu clans.
56. The royal family of Amarasi was originally an Atoni dynasty. However, the current lineage is descended from the Dj'awa dynasty of Savu.
57. Formally enthroned in March 2007.
58. A Topass dynasty.
59. Known within his community as "Olis", or "Ulis".
60. Kupang, named after its capital, was formed as a confederation of Timorese fiefdoms: Amabi, Foenay, Sonbai Kecil, Taebenu, and the Helong. Leopold Nisnoni, known within his community as "Isu", is the chief of Sonbai Kecil, and has also been accepted as ruler of the confederacy. The other chiefs are: Gideon Broery of Amabi,^[40] Esthon Leyloh of Foenay (also spelled Funai),^[41] and Daud Tanof of Taebenu.^{[citation needed]} The present chief of the Helong nation is Soleman Bislissin.^[42] They are all hereditary positions.
61. Leopold succeeded as head of the royal family of Sonbai Kecil upon the death of his father on 14 November 1992. He was proclaimed regent of the Kupang confederacy in 1993. He was formally installed as king in 2004.
62. While the elected loros do not belong to any one royal lineage, succession has historically been limited to the Bunak people.
63. Lamaknen was formed as a confederation of small Timorese fiefdoms. Its monarch is elected by the hereditary chiefs of each constituent state. The chiefs themselves are not normally considered candidates for election.
64. Originally subordinate to the Sonbai kingdom under the name of Amakono.
65. The recognised liurai died in 2003. His longtime rival, Dominikus Tei Serang, from another branch of the royal family, was "enthroned" by his supporters on 9 August 2003. It is unclear whether his title has been recognised. At present, there are other claimants to the throne.
66. A Tetun dynasty.
67. Sovereignty in Barnusa was historically divided between two ruling clans: the Baso and the Blegur, the leaders of which both wore the title Raja of Barnusa. The Blegur raja was later given the lesser title Kapitan by the Dutch colonial government. The title remains hereditary and prestige is traditionally divided equally. The current Kapitan is Bastian C. Blegur (since 1973).
68. Pending his formal coronation as Sultan Bima XV, Iskandar Zulkarnain wears the title of crown prince. Acting as princess regent (since May 2001) is his aunt, Siti Maryam Salahuddin.
69. Became head of the royal family upon the death of his father on 3 May 2001. He was invested with the title of heir apparent later in June, but has not yet been formally enthroned as sultan.
70. Dompu's last sultan was Muhammad Tajularifin Sirajuddin II, who died in 1964. Since then, the throne has remained vacant, and succession is disputed between two of the late sultan's sons: Prince Abdul Azis, and his younger half-brother Prince Kaharul Zaman. Neither have been enthroned, although the latter is apparently considered the head of the family.
71. A sept of the Taruwamang clan.
72. The current dynasty is descended from the royal family of Terengganu, and are of mixed Malay and Bugis descent. Historically, the sultan's family, who were Malay, was based in Lingga, whilst a viceroy, who was always of Bugis descent, governed the Riau Islands. The two ruling lines merged in 1899.

Malaysia

1. Formally installed on the following day. Tengku Ibrahim ruled as prince regent between 26 April 1984 and 25 April 1989, whilst the incumbent sultan ruled as King of Malaysia.
2. Prior to his assumption of the throne, Tuanku Muhammad Faris Petra had been serving as prince regent since 25 May 2009 on behalf of his father, Sultan Ismail Petra, after the elder suffered a delibitating stroke. In September 2010, the elder sultan was constitutionally deposed by the state's Succession Council in favour of Muhammad Faris.
3. The Yang di-Pertuan Besar is chosen for life by the Undang Laut (four ruling chiefs of the confederated states of Negeri Sembilan) from amongst four royal princes. These princes are selected by the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Besar from amongst the senior members of the ruling line of Seri Menanti.
4. Coronation took place on 15 January 2019.
5. Coronation took place on 6 May 2015.
6. Formally installed on the following day. Sharafuddin, then known as Tengku Idris Shah, ruled as prince regent between 26 April 1999 and 21 November 2001, whilst the incumbent sultan ruled as King of Malaysia.
7. Formally installed 26 May 1998. Coronation took place on 4 March 1999. Tuanku Mizan had served as acting sultan between 20 October and 8 November 1990.
8. These traditional chiefdoms are part of the confederacy of Negeri Sembilan, a federated state of Malaysia. The ruling chiefs of Jelebu, Johol, Rembau, and Sungai Ujong form the Undang Laut, who will decide the next Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan. Tampin is a separate hereditary principality. Naning is situated in the state of Malacca.
9. The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the three highest noble families: the Waris Ulu Jelebu, Waris Sarin, and Waris Kemin.
10. The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the male descendants of the first ruler, following the matrilineal line.
11. Naning was part of Negeri Sembilan from 1641 to 1832. It is now part of Malacca.
12. The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the direct descendants of two noble families: the Waris Jakun and Waris Jawa. The position is, by informal agreement, alternated between the heads of the two houses.
13. The undang (ruling chief) is elected for life by the nobles and vassals of the state from amongst the direct descendants of two noble families: the Waris Hulu and Waris Hilir.
14. Formally enthroned on 12 August 2006.
15. The Yang di-Pertuan Muda (prince) succeeds according to the laws of male primogeniture, but must also receive confirmation from the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan.

Philippines

1. The Kingdom of Lanao, or Ranao, is traditionally a federation composed of sixteen primary sultanates. Each sultanate, headed by an hereditary royal house, represents a different clan of the Maranaos. In addition to the primary sultanates, there are a further twenty-eight lesser (termed "legislative") sultanates, which are the guardians of the Maranao taritib (tradition). The federation is headed by a supreme sultan, chosen from amongst the royal lineages of the lesser sultanates. The sixteen primary sultans are also listed above; the others are not. This customary system of traditional society is recognised by the Philippine government.
2. The throne of Maguindanao is under Macapado Benito since the assassination of the last sultan, Amir bin Muhammad Baraguir, in early 2006. His eldest son, Ammar Yassir, is prince regent and head of the royal household.
3. A clan of the Maranaos.

United Arab Emirates

1. The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.
2. The emirates, whilst absolute at the regional level, also forfeit a portion of their sovereignty and administrative power to the federal government.
3. A branch of the Al Shamsi tribe.
4. The Al Maktoum are a branch of the Al Falasi, a clan of the Yas tribe.
5. A branch of the Sharqiyyin tribe.
6. Saud had served as deputy ruler since 14 June 2003, effectively ruling in place of his father, Saqr bin Mohammad, who suffered from poor health.
7. A branch of the Al Qawasim tribe.
8. Sultan was initially enthroned as emir on 25 January 1972. On 17 June 1987, he was briefly deposed by his brother, Sheikh Abdul'aziz bin Muhammad, for a period of six days. Sultan regained the throne on 23 June.

Others

1. After the neighbouring kingdom of Ambeno was annexed in 1912, the state changed its name to Oecusse-Ambeno.
2. Antonio was recognised as liurai in 2001, but has not been installed.
3. A Topass dynasty.
4. The Bohmong Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Marma population, and the traditional king of the Bohmong Circle (Bohmong Htaung), one of three tribal circles in Bandarban District, Chittagong Hill Tracts.
5. The Chakma Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Chakma population, and the traditional king of the Chakma Circle, one of three tribal circles located in Rangamati Hill District, Chittagong Hill Tracts.
6. The Mong Raja is recognised by the government of Bangladesh as the leader of the Arakanese population, and the traditional king of the Mong Circle (Phalang Htaung), one of three tribal circles in Khagrachari District, Chittagong Hill Tracts.
7. Coronation took place 17 January 2009.
8. The kings of the five traditional states known collectively as the Dangs are the only royals in India whose titles are recognised by the government. Each raja receives an annual pension from the state, owing to an agreement made with the British colonial government in 1842.
9. The current Raja of Gadhvi has been missing since 1992. His son and heir, Karan Singh, is acting as prince regent.

See also

• Ethnarch
• List of monarchies
• Lists of monarchs
• Royal and noble ranks
• Traditional authority
• List of current constituent African monarchs
• List of current constituent Asian monarchs
• List of current constituent monarchs
• Lists of office-holders
• Heads of former ruling families
• Imperial, royal and noble ranks
• List of current monarchs of sovereign states
• List of current reigning monarchs by length of reign
• Monarchy
• Traditional authority
• Lists of office-holders
• Nobility
• Royal and noble ranks
• African royalty
• Royalty in the Americas
• Asian royalty
• European royalty
• Oceanian royalty
• Dynasties by continent
• Monarchs by continent
• Tribal chiefs

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Further reading

• Cahoon, Ben (2000–2010). "World Statesmen.org". Retrieved 19 April 2010.
• Soszynski, Henry (1996–2010). "Genealogical Gleanings". University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
• Tick, Donald P. (2004–2008). "Indonesia Pusaka". Blogger. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
• Tick, Donald P. (2008–2010). "Kingdoms of Indonesia (Kerajaan Indonesia)". Blogger. Retrieved 19 April 2010.
• Tick, Donald P. (2007–2010). "Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor". Retrieved 28 April 2010.
• Van Klinken, Gerry (2007). "Return of the Sultans: The Communitarian Turn in Local Politics". The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism. London: Routledge: 149–169. SSRN 1309406.