Sultanate of Banjar

The Sultanate of Banjar (Banjar: كسلطانن بنجر, romanized: Kasultanan Banjar) was a nation-state of the Banjar in the form of a Islamic sultanate in Borneo which was founded in 1526 and existed until its dissolution in 1860 by the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies and its collapse in 1905.^{[5][6][7][8][9]} The Banjar Sultanate was restored in the 2010 restoration, but without political power.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Sultanate of Banjar كسلطانن بنجر Kasultanan Banjar
1526–1905 Restored in 2010[1]
Flag Coat of arms
Show under Surianshah Show under Mustain Billah, c. 1603 Show under Sulaiman, 1810s Show map of the influence of the sultanate since the 2010 Restoration
Status	Tribute payer to Demak Sultanate (1526–1548) Sovereign state (1548–1826) Protectorate of the Dutch East Indies (1826–1905) Customary government under Indonesia (since 2010)
Capital	Kuin (1520–1612) Pamakuan (1612–1622) Muara Tambangan (1622–1632) Batang Banyu (1632–1642) Old Martapura (1642–1663) Batang Alai (1663–1679) Banjarmasin (1663–1680) Kayu Tangi (1680–1771) Martapura (1771–1806)[a] Banjarmasin (1857–1862) Baras Kuning (1862–1905)
Common languages	Banjar (official), Malay, Dayak languages (including Ngaju, Ot Danum, Ma'anyan, etc), Kutai.
Religion	Sunni Islam (official) Kaharingan Confucianism Christianity
Government	Monarchy Sultanate based on mandala
Sultan
• 1526–1540	Surianshah (first)
• 1862–1905	Muhammad Seman (last sovereign)
• 2010–now	al-Mu'tasim Billah (restoration 2010)
History
• Inauguration of Surianshah	1526
• Changed to Sultanate	1526
• Implementation of the Karang Intan agreement	1826[4]
• Banjarmasin War	1859–1906
• The Pagustian government was led by Muhammad Seman.	1862–1905
• Annexation by the Dutch Empire and incorporation into the Dutch East Indies	1905
• Restoration of the Sultanate	2010
• Disestablished	1905 Restored in 2010[1]
Area
1700s	31,911,149 km2 (12,320,964 sq mi)
Website kesultananbanjar.or.id
Preceded by Succeeded by Negara Daha Dutch East Indies
Today part of	Indonesia

When the capital was in Kayu Tangi, the Sultanate was referred to as the "Kayu Tangi Kingdom". After a long civil war that destroyed the Negara Daha, Surianshah of Banjar (r. 1526–1540) emerged victorious and crowned himself as the first Sultan of Banjar, and founded the Banjar sultanate with its capital in Kuin. Soon after the stabilization of the new state, he ordered a massive expansion to Sambas and the Sulu Archipelago. The vast territory was maintained by his son, Rahmatullah of Banjar (r. 1540–1570).^[14]

Despite the loss of a number of territories, the reign of Mustain Billah of Banjar (r. 1595–1642)^[14] was the peak of Banjar's glory with the development of the pepper trade and Banjar's dominance over the surrounding seas, which became a strategic trading point from the Straits of Malacca and Brunei to Gowa and Maluku. At the end of his reign, Mustain Billah faced conflict with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) which culminated in a failed attack on Banjarmasin in 1633. This failed VOC attack strengthened Mustain Billah's position and the conflict continued during the reign of his son, Inayatullah of Banjar (r. 1642–1645). In the end, the Dutch agreed to sign a peace treaty during the reign of Rakyatullah of Banjar (r. 1660–1663).

From 1663 to 1679, there was a civil war between Sultan Agung of Banjar (r. 1663–1679) based in Banjarmasin and Tahlilullah of Banjar (r. 1663–1679; 1679–1708) based in Batang Alai. Dutch support for Tahlilullah and Tahlilullah's victory in the invasion of Banjar in 1679 gave the VOC more economic authority and slowly dominated Banjar. After extensive expansion and negotiations, Tamjidillah I of Banjar (r. 1734–1759) and his son-in-law, Muhammad of Banjar (r. 1759–1761) managed to recover most of the Banjar territory, the latter taking a tough stance against the Dutch. Tahmidullah II of Banjar (r. 1761–1801) succeeded in reducing the influence of the VOC in Banjar, although he again handed over many areas to the VOC, these areas were again controlled by Banjar during the time of Sulaiman of Banjar (r. 1801–1825). The Banjar Sultanate then became a Dutch protectorate during the reign of Adam of Banjar (r. 1825–1857), and the sultan's influence was suppressed.

The succession crisis of Adam of Banjar, and the unilateral appointment of Tamjidillah II of Banjar (r. 1857–1859) by the Dutch led to the outbreak of the Banjar War, in which opposition forces supporting Sultan Hidayatullah II of Banjar (r. 1859–1862) managed to win the succession battle. The Dutch, who did not accept this, dissolved the Sultanate in 1960 and exiled Hidayatullah II to Cianjur. Prince Antasari (r. 1862) was installed as Sultan of Banjar and led a brief resistance before dying of smallpox. Muhammad Seman (r. 1862–1905) led a government in exile in Puruk Cahu, known as Pagustian, before being killed in 1905, marking the collapse of the Banjar Sultanate.^[14] In 2010, the Banjar Sultanate was restored with the coronation of al-Mu'tasim Billah as Sultan of Banjar.

History

The second king of Negara Daha, Maharaja Sukarama, had four commoner wives, and four sons and one daughter. As Maharaja Sukarama followed the traditional belief of Negara Dipa requiring the king to be of royal blood, he arranged the marriage of his sole daughter, Putri Galuh Baranakan, and the son of his brother, Raden Bagawan, with the name Raden Mantri. The goal of this union (of Mantri and Galuh) was to produce the ideal heir to rule Daha as they would have patrilineal and matrilineal royal blood. The union resulted in Raden Samudra, who was prepared by Sukarama to rule.^[15]

However, after Sukarama's death, this succession was challenged by his sons, Pangeran Mangkubumi and Pangeran Tumanggung, who usurped the throne. Raden Samudra escaped from the Kingdom of Daha to the Barito River area, because his safety was in danger, and established a new kingdom at Banjarmasin.^[15] With help from Mangkubumi Aria Taranggana, Raden Samudra converted to Islam on 24 September 1526, changing his name to Sultan Surianshah. Banjar at first paid tribute to the Sultanate of Demak. That state met its demise in the mid-16th century, however, and Banjar was not required to send tribute to the new power in Java, the Sultanate of Pajang.^{[citation needed]}

Banjar rose in the first decades of the 17th century as a producer and trader of pepper. Soon, virtually all of the southwest, southeast, and eastern areas of Kalimantan island were paying tribute to the sultanate. Sultan Agung of Mataram (1613–1646), who ruled north Java coastal ports such as Jepara, Gresik, Tuban, Madura and Surabaya, planned to colonise the Banjar-dominated areas of Kalimantan in 1622, but the plan was cancelled because of inadequate resources.^{[citation needed]}

In the 18th century, Prince Tamjidullah I successfully transferred power to his dynasty and set Prince Nata Dilaga as its first sultan with Panembahan Kaharudin Khalilullah. Nata Dilaga became the first king of the dynasty as Tamjidullah I in 1772, on the day of his accession calling himself Susuhunan Nata Alam.^{[citation needed]}

The son of Sultan Muhammad Aliuddin Aminullah named Prince Amir, a grandson of Sultan Hamidullah, fled to the Pasir, and requested the help of his uncle Arung Tarawe (and Ratu Dewi). Amir then returned and attacked the Sultanate of Banjar with a large force of Bugis people in 1757, and tried to retake the throne of Susuhunan Nata Alam. Fearing the loss of his throne and the fall of the kingdom to the Bugis, Susuhunan Nata Alam requested the assistance of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), who dispatched a force under Captain Hoffman. The combined force defeated the Bugis, sending Amir to flee back to Pasir. After a long time, he tried to meet with Barito Banjar nobles, who disliked the VOC. Following this, Amir was arrested and exiled to Sri Lanka in 1787, and Banjar became a Dutch protectorate.^{[citation needed]}

Banjarmasin War

The Dutch increased their presence in the 19th century, taking territory from the sultanate and interfering in the appointment of its rulers. Resistance led to the Banjarmasin War (1859–1863) and the abolition of the sultanate in 1860. Afterwards, the area was governed by regents in Martapura (Pangeran Jaya Pemenang) and in Amuntai (Raden Adipati Danu Raja). The regency was finally abolished in 1884. The last claimant to the throne died in 1905.^{[citation needed]}

List of sultans of Banjar

Main article: List of rulers of Banjar

Revival

As of 2010, the sultanate was revived for cultural purposes in Martapura by Ir. Haji Gusti Khairul Saleh, an Indonesian politician and regent of Banjar Regency who claimed to be a descendant of the royal family.^[16] He also planned to rebuild the Banjar royal palace using his own private fund.^{[17][18][19][20]}

Family tree

Family Tree of Banjar Monarchs

Surianshah (1) r. 1520-1540/6 Rahmatullah (2) r. 1540/6-1570 Hidayatullah I (3) r. 1570–1595 Musta'in Billah (4) r. 1595-1636/42 Inayatullah (5) r. 1636/1642-1645 Rakyatullah/ Ri'ayatullah (7) r. 1660–1663 Sa'idullah (6) r. 1645–1660 Sultan Agung (9) r. 1663–1679 Tahlilullah (8) r. 1660–1679, 1679–1700 Tahmidullah I (10) r. 1700–1717 Kusuma Dilaga (11) r. 1717–1730 Hamidullah/ Sultan Kuning (12) r. 1730–1734 Tamjidillah I/ Sepuh (13) r. 1734–1759 Muhammad (14) r. 1759–1761 Tahmidullah II (15) r. 1761–1801 Prince Amir Sulaiman (16) r. 1801–1825 Prince Mas'ud Adam (17) r. 1825–1857 Prince Singhasari Antasari (20) r. 1862 Crown Prince Abdur Rahman Prince Abubakr Muhammad Seman (21) r. 1862–1905 Tamjidillah II (18) r. 1857–1859 Hidayatullah II (19) r. 1859–1862 Prince Omar Prince Jumri al-Mu'tasim Billah (22) r. 2010–present

See also

• Banjar people

Notes

1. With the discovery of coal deposits in the area near Martapura, the Dutch East Indies government planned to take over Martapura and move the capital of the Banjar Sultanate to Kota Nagara, the former capital during the Negara Daha era.^[2][3]