輔助性檢查可以提供一些額外資訊,以利排除其他診斷。血液检查也可以協助排除阿茲海默症以外的診斷[24],偶見有些病因是可以治癒的[132]。常見的血檢項目包含甲狀腺功能測試(英语:thyroid function tests)、维生素B12、梅毒檢測、代謝性疾病檢查(如腎功能檢查、電解質水平,以及糖尿病檢查)、重金屬水平,以及貧血等等。另外也必須譫妄的可能性。
早在古希臘羅馬時代,當時的哲學家和醫師就已經發現年老與失智的關聯性[20]。1901年,德國精神科醫師愛羅斯·阿茲海默描述了第一個阿茲海默症病例。這名病患是一名名叫奧古斯特·迪特(英语:Auguste D)的50歲女性,阿茲海默持續追蹤迪特的病程進展至病人於1906年死亡為止,並在之後發表該病例[236]。其後五年,陸續又出現了11例類似的病例報告,其中有些論文已經用「阿茲海默症」來稱呼此疾病[20]。1910年7月15日,艾米爾·克雷珀林於《精神科學課本》(Textbook of Psychiatry)第八版中首次將這些症狀描述為一個單一疾病,並將奧古斯特的部分症狀(如幻覺和妄想)及病理特徵(血管硬化)劃出該病的描述範圍[237]。艾米爾採用了「阿茲海默症」這個名字,並同時將其稱為「早發性老年失智症」(presenile dementia)將其視為是老年失智症的一個亞型[238]。
截至1970年代為止,阿茲海默症的診斷仍然僅限於描述45至65歲之間,提早出現特定失智症狀的患者。直到1977年,一場阿茲海默症研討會共識認定,阿茲海默症和老年失智症的臨床和病理表徵大致相同。雖然同時也強調兩者的病因學可能不同[239],但這樣的共識已促使阿茲海默症的診斷,不再應該限定於特定年紀的患者[240]。此後一段時期,超過65歲且擁有阿茲海默症症狀的患者,另被描述為「阿茲海默型老年失智症」(senile dementia of the Alzheimer type,SDAT)。如今,阿茲海默症已經被接受為醫學的正式名詞,描述各年齡患者某種共同特定症狀的病徵[241]。
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