一種常見嘅睇法係,T 反映緊送錢方幾信賴對方,而 Y 就反映收錢方幾值得信賴—— T 數值越大就越反映送錢方肯冒險信賴對方(對方有權擸晒筆錢),而 Y 數值越大就越反映收錢方唔會利用送錢方對佢嘅信賴。假如送錢方係完全「理性」冇任何信賴可言(會假定對方只在意私利,會假定 Y 會係 0)嘅,佢會選擇唔傳任何錢(T = 0),但事實完全唔係噉[32]。唔少學者認為同監犯困境比起嚟,信賴博弈更加能夠反映信賴[33]。
人機互動[e 18]嘅工作者,亦都有對信賴嘅問題著墨。例如 AI 研究,就成日出現信賴問題[38] ——例如一個 AI 程式明明表現優良,但係啲人就係唔肯信賴佢,最後阻礙咗間公司採用 AI。唔少人機互動研究者都會由心理學同腦神經學嗰道借諗頭嚟用,思考 AI 程式或者機械人要點設計先至可以引人信賴,例如恐怖谷理論[e 19]就幾出名,講到設計機械人嘅外觀嗰陣要小心,因為整到似人非人噉嘅機械人會引起強烈反感,難以引人信賴[39]。
Paliszkiewicz, J., Koohang, A., Gołuchowski, J., & Horn Nord, J. (2014). Management trust, organizational trust, and organizational performance: advancing and measuring a theoretical model. Management and Production Engineering Review, 5.
Yamagishi, Toshio, et al. "Separating trust from cooperation in a dynamic relationship: prisoner's dilemma with variable dependence." Rationality and society 17.3 (2005): 275-308,講到背叛行為可能只係反映位決策者驚,而合作行為可以係一種「訊號」用嚟話畀對方知「我肯合作」。
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust (PDF). Academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734,定義嗰部份:"The definition of trust proposed in this research is the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party. This definition of trust is applicable to a relationship with another identifiable party who is perceived to act and react with volition toward the trustor.",佢哋個 Figure 1 講到信賴嘅三大成份:信對方夠能力、夠良善(信對方就算冇利益都會肯幫手)同埋夠誠信(信對方會跟從某啲可接受嘅原則)。呢三個成份嘅重要度可能會隨時間而變化。
Johnson-George, C., & Swap, W. C. (1982). Measurement of specific interpersonal trust: Construction and validation of a scale to assess trust in a specific other. Journal of personality and social psychology, 43(6), 1306,講到「信賴者要肯承受風險」係信賴情境實有嘅特點。
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust (PDF). Academy of management review, 20(3), 709-734,佢講咗呢句:"Proposition 5. RTR is a function of trust and the perceived risk of the trusting behavior (e.g., empowerment of a subordinate)." "Proposition 6. Outcomes of trusting behaviors (i.e., RTR) will lead to updating of prior perceptions of the ability, benevolence, and integrity of the trustee."
Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B., Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393-404.
Van der Werff, L., Freeney, Y., Lance, C. E., & Buckley, F. (2019). A trait-state model of trust propensity: Evidence from two career transitions. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2490.
M. Mikulincer, P.R. Shaver. The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes, Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 35 (2003), pp. 53-152.
DeBruine, L. M. (2002). Facial resemblance enhances trust. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 269(1498), 1307-1312,佢哋講咗:"Resemblance to the subject's own face raised the incidence of trusting a partner, but had no effect on the incidence of selfish betrayals of the partner's trust. Control subjects playing with identical pictures failed to show such an effect."
Lawson, Tony (March 2012). "Ontology and the study of social reality: emergence, organisation, community, power, social relations, corporations, artefacts and money". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 36 (2): 345-385.
Johnson, N. D., & Mislin, A. A. (2011). Trust games: A meta-analysis. Journal of economic psychology, 32(5), 865-889,引咗嗰段嘢:"In most neighborhoods, most of the time, unlocked doors remain unopened, lost wallets containing cash are returned, and the vast majority of contracts, thankfully, remain incomplete. This is fortunate, since all of this trust and trustworthiness is good for the economy."
Natale, S.M.; Hoffman, R.P.; Hayward, G. (1998). Business Education and Training: Corporate Structures, Business, and the Management of Values. Business education and training: a value-laden process. University Press of America.
Acedo, Cristina, and Antoni Gomila. "Trust and cooperation: a new experimental approach." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1299.1 (2013): 77-83.
Banerjee, Sanchayan, Matteo M. Galizzi, and Rafael Hortala-Vallve. "Trusting the trust game: An external validity analysis with a UK representative sample." Games 12.3 (2021): 66,依篇文話搵到啲證據,發現信賴博弈當中嘅 T 值,真係同其他量度信賴嘅架生度到嘅嘢有統計相關。
Rault, J. L., Waiblinger, S., Boivin, X., & Hemsworth, P. (2020). The power of a positive human–animal relationship for animal welfare. Frontiers in veterinary science, 7, 590867. p. 4 "These types of behavioral responses, exposing often vulnerable body region, may be interpreted as involving a level of trust reflecting a positive HAR, although some behaviors such as lying with the belly exposed may also indicate submission in dogs, for instance, and therefore do not necessarily indicate a positive HAR."
Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: the role of brand loyalty. Journal of marketing, 65(2), 81-93.
Social Deduction Game Design Fundamentals - BKGameDesign. Medium,佢噉講:"Keep in mind that most social deduction games build tension as long as the traitor’s identity remains obfuscated. Not knowing who to trust is the critical element that makes this genre exciting."
From Mafia to Among Us: Can social deduction evolve as online multiplayer?. Game Developer,佢噉講:"As socially evolved creatures, finding a traitor among our in-group does not exactly feed on our sense of unity and trust. The fun of social deduction is based on social conflict and inducing paranoia."
以下係一啲進階嘅學術文獻,講信賴相關研究嘅:
(英文) Cho, J. H., Chan, K., & Adali, S. (2015). A survey on trust modeling. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 48(2), 1-40.
(英文) Dimoka, A. (2010). What does the brain tell us about trust and distrust? Evidence from a functional neuroimaging study. Mis Quarterly, 373-396,呢篇文用 fMRI 以及量度信賴嘅心理測量工具,想探知信賴會由咩腦活動反映。
(英文) Evans, A. M., & Revelle, W. (2008). Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust. Journal of research in Personality, 42(6), 1585-1593,性格測驗同信賴博弈,都被指可以用嚟量度一個人幾傾向信賴其他人。
(英文) Yamagishi, Toshio, et al. "Separating trust from cooperation in a dynamic relationship: prisoner's dilemma with variable dependence." Rationality and society 17.3 (2005): 275-308,佢哋响呢篇文入便主張,打前用博弈論研究信賴嘅做法,冇考慮到信賴同合作行為係兩樣唔同嘅嘢,因而當咗肯合作等同信賴。可以睇睇第 279 頁嗰道。
(英文) Adler, B. T., Chatterjee, K., De Alfaro, L., Faella, M., Pye, I., & Raman, V. (2008, September). Assigning trust to Wikipedia content. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Wikis (pp. 1-12).