行為論(behaviorism)係由心理學家伯赫斯·費德歷·斯金納(B. F. Skinner)發揚光大嘅一套心理學理論,著重研究外界刺激會點樣影響一隻動物嘅行為(behavior),而且傳統上會輕視啲好似思緒等冇辦法由肉眼觀察到嘅嘢[19]。典型嘅行為論研究會嘗試向隻動物(最常見嘅係大家鼠)施加某啲刺激,再睇吓呢啲刺激會點樣影響某啲外顯行為嘅頻密度或者強度等嘅變數,甚至嘗試用數學方程式模擬刺激同行為之間嘅關係[19]。
古典制約嘅過程喺大多數動物物種甚至某啲植物嘅身上都觀察得到[21][22],古典制約嘅過程令到生物能夠學識邊啲刺激傾向一齊出現,令到生物有能力預測周圍環境嘅變化。例如係有心理學實驗就顯示,人類喺撞到之前未遇到過嘅刺激嗰陣會留意呢啲刺激傾向同邊啲已知嘅刺激一齊出現,並且按呢個資訊對嗰啲新嘅刺激做判斷-例如家吓有個人 A 君,佢啱啱識咗個新朋友 B 君,如果 A 君每次撞到 B 君嗰陣都有啲令佢唔舒服嘅事發生嘅話(例如佢次次見親 B 君兩個人都嗌交),A 君好快會學識將 B 君同啲令佢唔舒服嘅事聯想埋一齊,學曉應該要避開 B 君[23]。
根據主張貝葉斯腦假說(Bayesian brain hypothesis)嘅認知科學家,一個心靈會透過自己過去嘅經驗,計算一大柞 嘅數值,以此作為自己對「世界係點運作」嘅模型(internal model of the world)[57]:想像一個心靈,佢內部會記住若干份經驗(有 同 呢啲資訊),而佢可以按過去嘅經驗計返 -例如喺習得性失助實驗裏面,隻動物記得 10 次受痛楚嘅事件(),而喺某幾次事件當中佢有嘗試避開個痛楚(),喺某幾次入面佢冇(),但次次都一樣遭受痛楚;佢個腦計咗之後會發現,自己行動咗跟住受苦嘅機率()同自己唔行動而受苦嘅機率()相約,-形成一個「我行唔行動結果都係會受苦」嘅諗法,令佢進入習得性失助嘅狀態[58]。
學習遷移(transfer of learning)係指用自己已有嘅知識去處理之前未處理過嘅問題。學習嘅過程往往喺由某啲外界刺激開始嘅,但係喺實驗室以外嘅世界好少可會有兩個刺激係完全一樣嘅,所以隻動物實要一定程度上將喺一次經驗學到嘅知識普遍化(廣義化)。舉個例子說明:想像有個人細個嗰陣俾一隻德國狼狗咬親,佢大個咗,有一日行行吓街撞到一隻哈士奇;佢個腦就要決定好唔好驚嗰隻哈士奇,如果佢個腦選擇將俾德國狼狗咬嘅經歷普遍化成「所有德國狼狗都係危險嘅」,噉佢就理應淨係會驚德國狼狗唔會驚哈士奇,而如果佢個腦選擇將次經歷普遍化成「所有狗都係危險嘅」,噉佢就會驚隻哈士奇-「普遍化嘅程度」會影響到佢個腦喺邊啲情況下會應用佢學到嘅記憶。學習遷移喺教育學上係一個相當受關注嘅課題,因為呢個現象表示,(例如)一個學生就算喺班房入面學識咗某一樣技能,都唔代表佢實會識得喺工作場合當中展示嗰種技能[73]。
遺傳:有啲學生天生就天份高啲,例如智商(IQ)對學習有相當大嘅影響,會強烈噉影響一個人嘅學習速度,一個智商高嘅人好容易就可以留意到身體環境唔同嘢之間嘅關係,而研究顯示,一個大人嘅 IQ 好大程度上係由遺傳因素話事嘅(遺傳度超過 60%),所以遺傳因素對學習有相當影響。學生嘅遺傳條件係老師冇辦法控制嘅,但老師可以因材施教[90]。
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