進化論基於遺傳學:所有物種(包括人)都有 DNA,呢啲 DNA 係由基因組成,而多數物種都或多或少有個體差異-就算係同種嘅生物,隻隻身上帶嘅基因都同同類個體身上嘅有啲唔同,而呢點引致每個個體喺特徵上都有啲唔同;根據物競天擇,因為個體差異,一個族群嘅個體當中可能有啲比較擅長生存同繁殖,生存同繁殖能力勁嘅個體會更加大機會能夠將自己嘅基因傳俾下一代[註 1],所以一個族群嘅基因代代都會有些少唔同咗樣;除咗噉,繁殖嘅細胞分裂等嘅過程之中仲會有突變等嘅現象。因為呢啲緣故,經過幾百萬年嘅時間,一個族群變變吓就會變到同之前完全唔同咗樣,而呢群新嘅生物嘅 DNA 帶嘅基因同之前嘅好唔同,差異可能大到算係一個新嘅物種[3][4]。
而喺好似人等嘅有性生物當中,繁殖需要兩個個體(父母)-喺有性繁殖[e 19]嘅過程,父母嗰度會各自發生細胞分裂[e 20],雙方都會各自俾一啲基因出嚟,而且呢個過程當中父母俾出嘅基因仲會獨立分別噉洗牌;喺人同其他哺乳類入面,性染色體[e 21]係繁殖嘅關鍵,人男性嘅性染色體係一條 X 染色體同一條 Y 染色體,而人女性嘅就係兩條 X 染色體;喺繁殖嘅過程嗰度,父母會各自將自己嘅其中一條性染色體傳俾個仔女,而呢個過程會決定個細路嘅性別:如果阿爸俾咗自己條 Y 染色體嘅話就會生仔,而如果佢俾咗自己條 X 染色體嘅話就會生女。性染色體將阿爸嘅基因型同阿媽嘅交俾仔女,所以仔女通常都會有啲似阿爸又有啲似阿媽,但唔會同是但一個完全一個餅印,而且呢個過程度仲會有少量嘅洗牌效應,會影響邊個等位基因同邊個等位基因黐埋一齊[33],令到佢哋嘅仔女身上嘅等位基因會係父母等位基因嘅新組合[34],所以通常兄弟唔會完全一樣樣,姊妹都唔會完全一樣樣[35]。
基因突變[e 29]係指一個細胞嘅基因組嘅某段 DNA 突然有變化。當有一段 DNA 變咗樣,相應嘅基因會有變化,可能會搞到個細胞冇能力繼續做佢做開嗰個功能,而如果呢個細胞屬於一隻多細胞生物(例如係人類),隻多細胞生物可能會受害,例如一個人隻手臂嘅肌肉細胞突變,可能會搞到嚿肌肉喪失功能,而呢點會對個人嘅生存造成危害。根據對黑腹果蠅[e 30]嘅研究,如果一個突變令某個基因所產生嘅蛋白質有所改變,噉個突變通常(70% 嘅情況下)會係有害嘅,而喺淨低嘅情況下,個突變就會係冇影響或者有些少好處嘅[54]。
DNA 上好多時會有複製咗幾次嘅基因,而呢啲「多咗幾份出嚟」嘅基因被指係有利於突變嘅發生[55][56]:喺好多生物物種嘅 DNA 當中都會有「做同一樣功能嘅基因多咗幾份」嘅情況,例例如係喺人 DNA 負責整眼珠嘅基因當中,有 4 個基因係用嚟整感光結構嘅,而有 3 個基因整視錐細胞同 1 個基因整視桿細胞,而呢柞基因本來都係由一個基因演變出嚟嘅[57];想像家陣有個基因因為突變而壞咗,做唔到佢原有嘅功能,但條 DNA 上有呢個基因嘅複製品,噉啲複製品就可以做埋嗰個基因嗰份,等隻生物唔會因為突變搞到佢做唔到某啲對生存繁殖嚟講必要嘅功能-「一個基因多咗幾份」可以間接令「靠突變嚟進化」呢家嘢對個體以至成個物種嚟講風險冇咁高[58][59]。除此之外,第啲類型嘅突變仲可以由本來冇用嘅 DNA 嗰度變啲全新嘅基因出嚟[60][61]。
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