丛林肉

丛林肉（英语：Bushmeat），是指各种从栖身于非洲地区的野生动物身上所获取的食用肉。现今，丛林肉更多地指从栖身于非洲大陆中、西部或更广阔地区的动物身上获取的肉，也用于描述从濒危猿类所获取的肉，山魈经常被人类当做丛林肉的索取对象。许多的国际环保组织和野生动物组织开始担忧这种滥捕现象，并指出丛林肉可能传染来自野生动物的病毒。

狩猎活动

以获取丛林肉为目的的狩猎活动普遍存在于全球各地，尤其是那些野生动物的捕杀已成为常态的地区。虽然许多西方学者和英语文献都更多地关注涉及类人猿的丛林肉交易活动，但事实是，丛林肉交易的内容几乎涉及了所有的野生物种。虽然许多猎手是以黑猩猩、大猩猩、倭黑猩猩和其它灵长目动物为目标的，但是从类人猿获取的丛林肉的总数只占丛林肉市场份额的1%。丛林肉的多产已经导致野生动物数量的急遽下降，也使动物栖息地流失或被破坏。如若这种狩猎活动得不到有效遏制，野生物种很可能会大量灭绝^[1]。被捕杀野生动物的数量之巨大使许多环保主义者和倡导保护权利和类人猿人格的人倍感压力。

丛林肉狩猎猖獗的问题现已被多国政府高度重视，多国政府对这种滥捕滥杀和生产丛林肉的行为持不支持或取缔的态度。以取缔丛林肉狩猎行为为目的的国际合作已经被发起，主要是美国、英国和加拿大的联手。^{[来源请求]}

营养价值

联合国粮食及农业组织指出：对野生动物肉类营养价值的研究表明，丛林肉即使不比家畜肉好，也是相当的。总的趋势是大多数野生动物品种的肉趋向于低脂肪，而蛋白质含量等于或优于牛肉、羊肉、鸡肉或猪肉，并且维生素含量高得多^[2]，更美味^[3]。

疾病传染

许多疾病如结核病、汉生病、霍乱、天花、麻疹、流行性感冒、梅毒，被认为可能都是由于与动物接触进而传染给人类。而HIV-1、艾滋病、埃博拉出血热、克雅二氏病则确定是由动物传染给人类^[4]。1980年代，西非松鼠（英语：Thomas's rope squirrel）与红腿太阳松鼠（英语：red-legged sun squirrel）被确认为刚果民主共和国猴痘的传染窝（Reservoir）^[5]。

于1990年代于刚果盆地与加蓬爆发的埃博拉疫情被认为与食用黑猩猩及倭黑猩猩有关^[6]于中非被感染了人类嗜T淋巴球病毒（英语：human T-lymphotropic virus）的丛林肉猎人也时常与野生灵长类接触^[7]。炭疽病的传染来自于屠宰及食用有蹄类动物。比起运输、烹煮、食用，屠宰动物时更有机会遭到血体液传染病感染^[8]。

许多丛林肉猎人与交易者并无针对人畜共通传染病的危险意识，并且间接的造成疾病蔓延^[9]。一项针对尼日利亚农村社区居民访谈发现55%的受访者都知道人畜共通传染病的危险性，但他们的教育以及文化传统依然驱使他们去狩猎并食用丛林肉^[10]。

艾滋病

研究结果显示，喀麦隆地区的野生黑猩猩感染有猴泡沫病毒（英语：simian foamy virus）并为HIV-1（引发人类艾滋病的原因病毒）的传染窝^[11]。人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）具有多个病毒株，这代表其中发生了很多次跨物种传播^[12]。黑猩猩体内的猴免疫缺陷病毒来自于白领白眉猴（英语：collared mangabey）及大白鼻长尾猴（英语：Greater spot-nosed monkey）。HIV被认为最早是透过接触带有病毒的丛林肉进而传染给人类^[13]。

埃博拉

在2001年10月至2003年12月期间，在刚果与加蓬边境共爆发了五次埃博拉疫情。解剖尸体的结果发现，黑猩猩、大猩猩及骝毛小羚羊体内均具有病毒^[14]。埃博拉病毒被认为与丛林肉有关，而病毒的主要宿主为狐蝠。从1976年第一次爆发至2014年最严重的一次爆发期间，仅发生了30次的跨物种传染，即使有大量的蝙蝠被屠宰并食用。而狐蝠在食用水果时，果浆及部分未食用完的水果会掉落至地面，陆生动物如大猩猩与小羚羊则会去取食这些水果，也因此于牠们体内都能发现有病毒的存在^[15]。2007年5月，于刚果中南部鲁耶波爆发的埃博拉疫情被发现来自于当地的锤头果蝠与富氏前肩头果蝠（英语：Franquet's epauletted fruit bat）族群，这些蝙蝠迁徙到鲁耶波地区并以当地果树上的水果为食，并被当地人宰杀来食用^[16]。2014年西非埃博拉病毒疫情的指示病例来自于居住在美良度（英语：Meliandou）（Meliandou）的两岁男童，在有安哥拉犬吻蝠（英语：Angolan free-tailed bat）栖居的树洞内玩耍后遭到感染^[17]。

于利比里亚埃博拉疫情爆发时所做的研究显示，社会经济现况也会影响丛林肉的食用量。在爆发时，丛林肉的食用量明显减少，然而食用时偏好的物种来源依旧相同^[18]。

寄生虫

在喀麦隆，15种灵长类具有消化道寄生虫，包括鞭虫、内阿米巴虫、蛔虫（英语：Ascaris）、毛细线虫（英语：Capillaria）、蛲虫、绦虫与微小阿米巴（英语：Endolimax）^[19]许多于刚果民主共和国贩售的咝蝰属蝮蛇体内均有大蛇舌虫（英语：Armillifer grandis）感染，对公共卫生造成威胁^[20]。

参考资料

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Georges-Courbot, M. C.; Sanchez, A.; Lu, C. Y.; Baize, S.; Leroy, E.; Lansout-Soukate, J.; Tévi-Bénissan, C.; Georges, A. J.; Trappier, S. G.; Zaki, S. R.; Swanepoel, R.; Leman, P. A.; Rollin, P. E.; Peters, C. J.; Nichol, S. T. & Ksiazek, T. G. Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1997, 3 (1): 59–62. PMC 2627600 . PMID 9126445. doi:10.3201/eid0301.970107.
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Keele, B. F.; Van Heuverswyn, F.; Li, Y.; Bailes, E.; Takehisa, J.; Santiago, M. L.; Bibollet-Ruche, F.; Chen, Y.; Wain, L. V.; Liegeois, F.; Loul, S.; Ngole, E. M.; Bienvenue, Y.; Delaporte, E.; Brookfield, J. F.; Sharp, P. M.; Shaw, G. M.; Peeters, M. & Hahn, B. H. Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science. 2006, 313 (5786): 523–526. PMC 2442710 . PMID 16728595. doi:10.1126/science.1126531.
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Sharp, P. M. & Hahn, B. H. Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic (PDF). Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2011, 1 (1): a006841–a006835 [2020-04-10]. PMC 3234451 . PMID 22229120. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-05）.
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Arts, E. J. & Tebit, D. M. Tracking a century of global expansion and evolution of HIV to drive understanding and to combat disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2011, 11 (1): 45–56. PMID 21126914. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70186-9.
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Rouquet P.; Froment, J.; Bermejo, M.; Kilbourne, A.; Karesh, W.; Reed, P.; Kumulungui, B.; Yaba, P.; Délicat, A.; Rollin, P. E. & Leroy, E. M. Wild animal mortality monitoring and human Ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001–2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005, 11 (2): 283–290. PMC 3320460 . PMID 15752448. doi:10.3201/eid1102.040533.
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Leroy, E.; Gonzalez, J. P. & Pourrut, X. Ebolavirus and other filoviruses. Childs, J. E.; Mackenzie, J. S. & Richt, J. A. (编). Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The biology, circumstances and consequences of cross-species transmission. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 315. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 2007: 363–387. ISBN 978-3-540-70961-9. PMID 17848072. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_15.
[16]
Leroy, E. M.; Epelboin, A.; Mondonge, V.; Pourrut, X.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Muyembe-Tamfum, J. J. & Formenty, P. Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2009, 9 (6): 723–728. PMID 19323614. doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0167.
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Saéz, A. M.; Weiss, S.; Nowak, K.; Lapeyre, V.; Zimmermann, F.; Düx, A.; Kühl, H. S.; Kaba, M.; Regnaut, S.; Merkel, K.; Sachse, A.; Thiesen, U.; Villányi, L.; Boesch, C.; Dabrowski, P. W.; Radonić, A.; Nitsche, A.; Leendertz, S. A. J.; Petterson, S.; Becker, S.; Krähling, V.; Couacy‐Hymann, E.; Akoua‐Koffi, C.; Weber, N.; Schaade, L.; Fahr, J.; Borchert, M.; Gogarten, J. F.; Calvignac‐Spencer, S. & Leendertz, F. H. Investigating the zoonotic origin of the West African Ebola epidemic. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 2014, 7 (1): 17–23. PMC 4309665 . PMID 25550396. doi:10.15252/emmm.201404792.
[18]
Ordaz-Németh, I.; Arandjelovic, M.; Boesch, L.; Gatiso, T.; Grimes, T.; Kuehl, H. S.; Lormie, M.; Stephens, C. & Tweh, C. The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African Ebola crisis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017, 11 (3): e0005450. PMC 5362244 . PMID 28282378. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005450.
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Pourrut, X.; Diffo, J. L. D.; Somo, R. M.; Bilong, C. B.; Delaporte, E.; LeBreton, M. & Gonzalez, J. P. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in primate bushmeat and pets in Cameroon. Veterinary Parasitology. 2011, 175 (1–2): 187–191. PMID 20970258. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.023.
[20]
Hardi, R.; Babocsay, G.; Tappe, D.; Sulyok, M.; Bodó, I. & Rózsa, L. Armillifer-infected snakes sold at Congolese bushmeat markets represent an emerging zoonotic threat (PDF). EcoHealth. 2017, 14 (4): 743–749 [2020-04-10]. PMID 29030787. doi:10.1007/s10393-017-1274-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-29）.

[1] [1]
Bowen-Jones, E., Pendry, S. (1999) The Threats to Primates and Other Mammals from the Bushmeat Trade in Africa and How This Could Be Diminished. Oryx, vol. 33, no. 3: 233-247.

[2] [2]
Wildlife and food security in Africa. [2018-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-10）.

[3] [3]
Farm vs. Wild: Which meat is healthier?. [2018-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-10）.

[McMichael2002-4] [4]
McMichael, A. J. Population, environment, disease, and survival: past patterns, uncertain futures (PDF). The Lancet. 2002, 359 (9312): 1145–1148 [2020-04-10]. PMID 11943282. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08164-3. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-07-27）.

[5] [5]
Khodakevich, L.; Szczeniowski, M.; Manbu-ma-Disu; Jezek, Z.; Marennikova, S.; Nakano, J. & Messinger, D. The role of squirrels in sustaining monkeypox virus transmission. Tropical and Geographical Medicine. 1987, 39 (2): 115–122. PMID 2820094.

[Georges-Courbot1997-6] [6]
Georges-Courbot, M. C.; Sanchez, A.; Lu, C. Y.; Baize, S.; Leroy, E.; Lansout-Soukate, J.; Tévi-Bénissan, C.; Georges, A. J.; Trappier, S. G.; Zaki, S. R.; Swanepoel, R.; Leman, P. A.; Rollin, P. E.; Peters, C. J.; Nichol, S. T. & Ksiazek, T. G. Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1997, 3 (1): 59–62. PMC 2627600 . PMID 9126445. doi:10.3201/eid0301.970107.

[7] [7]
Wolfe, N. D.; Heneine, W.; Carr, J. K.; Garcia, A. D.; Shanmugam, V.; Tamoufe, U.; Torimiro, J. N.; Prosser, A. T.; Lebreton, M.; Mpoudi-Ngole, E.; McCutchan, F. E.; Birx, D. L.; Folks, T. M.; Burke, D. S. & Switzer, W. M. Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2005, 102 (22): 7994–7999 [2020-04-10]. PMC 1142377 . PMID 15911757. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501734102. （原始内容存档于2019-12-27）.

[8] [8]
Wolfe, N. D.; Daszak, P.; Kilpatrick, A. M. & Burke, D. S. Bushmeat hunting, deforestation, and prediction of zoonotic disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005, 11 (12): 1822–1827. PMC 3367616 . PMID 16485465. doi:10.3201/eid1112.040789.

[9] [9]
Subramanian, M. Zoonotic disease risk and the bushmeat trade: Assessing awareness among hunters and traders in Sierra Leone (PDF). EcoHealth. 2012, 9 (4): 471–482 [2020-04-10]. PMID 23408099. doi:10.1007/s10393-012-0807-1. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-25）.

[10] [10]
Friant, S.; Paige, S. B. & Goldberg, T. L. Drivers of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of zoonoses in Nigerian hunting communities. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2015, 9 (5): e0003792. PMC 4441483 . PMID 26001078. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792.

[11] [11]
Keele, B. F.; Van Heuverswyn, F.; Li, Y.; Bailes, E.; Takehisa, J.; Santiago, M. L.; Bibollet-Ruche, F.; Chen, Y.; Wain, L. V.; Liegeois, F.; Loul, S.; Ngole, E. M.; Bienvenue, Y.; Delaporte, E.; Brookfield, J. F.; Sharp, P. M.; Shaw, G. M.; Peeters, M. & Hahn, B. H. Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science. 2006, 313 (5786): 523–526. PMC 2442710 . PMID 16728595. doi:10.1126/science.1126531.

[12] [12]
Sharp, P. M. & Hahn, B. H. Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic (PDF). Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 2011, 1 (1): a006841–a006835 [2020-04-10]. PMC 3234451 . PMID 22229120. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-05）.

[Arts_al2011-13] [13]
Arts, E. J. & Tebit, D. M. Tracking a century of global expansion and evolution of HIV to drive understanding and to combat disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2011, 11 (1): 45–56. PMID 21126914. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70186-9.

[14] [14]
Rouquet P.; Froment, J.; Bermejo, M.; Kilbourne, A.; Karesh, W.; Reed, P.; Kumulungui, B.; Yaba, P.; Délicat, A.; Rollin, P. E. & Leroy, E. M. Wild animal mortality monitoring and human Ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001–2003. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005, 11 (2): 283–290. PMC 3320460 . PMID 15752448. doi:10.3201/eid1102.040533.

[15] [15]
Leroy, E.; Gonzalez, J. P. & Pourrut, X. Ebolavirus and other filoviruses. Childs, J. E.; Mackenzie, J. S. & Richt, J. A. (编). Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The biology, circumstances and consequences of cross-species transmission. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 315. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 2007: 363–387. ISBN 978-3-540-70961-9. PMID 17848072. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_15.

[16] [16]
Leroy, E. M.; Epelboin, A.; Mondonge, V.; Pourrut, X.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Muyembe-Tamfum, J. J. & Formenty, P. Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2009, 9 (6): 723–728. PMID 19323614. doi:10.1089/vbz.2008.0167.

[EMBOMM123014-17] [17]
Saéz, A. M.; Weiss, S.; Nowak, K.; Lapeyre, V.; Zimmermann, F.; Düx, A.; Kühl, H. S.; Kaba, M.; Regnaut, S.; Merkel, K.; Sachse, A.; Thiesen, U.; Villányi, L.; Boesch, C.; Dabrowski, P. W.; Radonić, A.; Nitsche, A.; Leendertz, S. A. J.; Petterson, S.; Becker, S.; Krähling, V.; Couacy‐Hymann, E.; Akoua‐Koffi, C.; Weber, N.; Schaade, L.; Fahr, J.; Borchert, M.; Gogarten, J. F.; Calvignac‐Spencer, S. & Leendertz, F. H. Investigating the zoonotic origin of the West African Ebola epidemic. EMBO Molecular Medicine. 2014, 7 (1): 17–23. PMC 4309665 . PMID 25550396. doi:10.15252/emmm.201404792.

[18] [18]
Ordaz-Németh, I.; Arandjelovic, M.; Boesch, L.; Gatiso, T.; Grimes, T.; Kuehl, H. S.; Lormie, M.; Stephens, C. & Tweh, C. The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African Ebola crisis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017, 11 (3): e0005450. PMC 5362244 . PMID 28282378. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005450.

[19] [19]
Pourrut, X.; Diffo, J. L. D.; Somo, R. M.; Bilong, C. B.; Delaporte, E.; LeBreton, M. & Gonzalez, J. P. Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in primate bushmeat and pets in Cameroon. Veterinary Parasitology. 2011, 175 (1–2): 187–191. PMID 20970258. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.023.

[20] [20]
Hardi, R.; Babocsay, G.; Tappe, D.; Sulyok, M.; Bodó, I. & Rózsa, L. Armillifer-infected snakes sold at Congolese bushmeat markets represent an emerging zoonotic threat (PDF). EcoHealth. 2017, 14 (4): 743–749 [2020-04-10]. PMID 29030787. doi:10.1007/s10393-017-1274-5. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-12-29）.

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