冰島語(íslenska)為冰島國語,屬於日耳曼語族的斯堪的納維亞語支(北日耳曼語支),源自古代北歐維京人使用的古諾斯語。冰島語是與古諾爾斯語差異最少的分支,只差文字不是用盧恩字母。同時,可能是鑑於其離各國較遠與偏僻,其發音法(尤其是母音音素)也是北日耳曼語支當中改變最少的。自維京人在近一千年前,將古諾斯語帶到冰島並形成冰島語後,由於冰島語詞彙的拼法同語法變化不大,其標準化的寫法基於自古諾斯語音位系統、在語義與詞彙順序上細微的拼寫差異。所以,現代冰島人或懂得冰島語的人不須花太多時間即能方便地閱讀及能理解維京時代的古代文學作品或冰島的古代文學作品[1][2]。
Quick Facts 冰島語, 母語國家和地區 ...
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More information 雙唇音, 唇齒音 ...
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濁擦音 /v/, /ð/, /ʝ/ 和 /ɣ/ 是不完全緊縮的(constrictive)而經常近乎近音而非擦音。
More information 前元音, 後元音 ...
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More information 前滑, 後滑 ...
雙元音
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前滑
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後滑
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中元音
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ei · øi
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ou
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開元音
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ai
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au
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冰島語字母表是由拉丁字母組成,字母如下:
More information 冰島語字母 ...
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其中, c, q, w, z 只在拼寫人名、地名和外語詞等地方使用。
冰島語的基本語序為主語-謂語-賓語,不過為了強調語氣,語序可以比較自由的變化。在冰島語的詩裏面,可以見到所有語序的組合。然而冰島語也和大部分日耳曼語一樣,遵守動詞第二順位,因此不及物動詞的位置會受到限制。
例句:
- Ég veit það ekki.(I know that not.)(中譯:我不知道那是什麼。〔以下意義皆同〕)
- Ekki veit ég það.(Not know I that.)
- Það veit ég ekki.(That know I not.)
- Ég fór til Bretlands þegar ég var eins árs.(I went to Britain when I was one year old.)(中譯:我一歲的時候去了英國。〔以下意義皆同〕)
- Til Bretlands fór ég þegar ég var eins árs.(To Britain went I, when I was one year old.)
- Þegar ég var eins árs fór ég til Bretlands.(When I was one year old, I went to Britain.)
- Árnason, Kristján; Sigrún Helgadóttir. Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy. Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet. Nordterm 5. Nordterm-symposium: 7–21. 1991.
- Halldórsson, Halldór. Icelandic Purism and its History. Word. 1979, 30: 76–86.
- Kvaran, Guðrún; Höskuldur Þráinsson; Kristján Árnason; et al. Íslensk tunga I–III. Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið. 2005. ISBN 9979-2-1900-9. OCLC 71365446.
- Orešnik, Janez, and Magnús Pétursson. Quantity in Modern Icelandic. Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi. 1977, 92: 155–71.
- Rögnvaldsson, Eiríkur. Íslensk hljóðkerfisfræði. Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands. 1993. ISBN 9979-853-14-X.
- Scholten, Daniel. Einführung in die isländische Grammatik. Munich: Philyra Verlag. 2000. ISBN 3-935267-00-2. OCLC 76178278.
- Vikør, Lars S. The Nordic Languages. Their Status and Interrelations. Oslo: Novus Press. 1993: 55–59, 168–169, 209–214.