Chiù-khí

Chiù-khí sī chhùi-khí pēⁿ ê 1 khoán koè-têng kap kiat-kó. In-ūi gê-khí ê kiat-kò· siū siong-hāi, chhùi-khí seⁿ chiù-khang. Chiù-khí sī put-chí-á phó·-phiàn ê pēⁿ, kan-na kám-mō· koh khah phó·-phiàn. It-poaⁿ lâi kóng, gín-á, nî-hoè khah chió ê sêng-liân-lâng hoat-seng chiù-khí ê pí-lē khah koân, chóng--sī jīm-hô lâng to̍h ū khó-lêng hoat-seng. Chiù-khí sī siàu-liân-lâng lak chhùi-khí siāng-kài chú-iàu ê goân-in.

Chiù-khí
Other names	Dental cavities, dental caries, cavities, caries
Chiù-khí kah khì-pìⁿ chō-sêng chúi-khì ê sún-siong.
Pronunciation	Caries /ˈkɛəriːz/
Specialty	Gê-i-ha̍k
Symptoms	Pain, tooth loss, difficulty eating[1][2]
Complications	Inflammation around the tooth, tooth loss, infection or abscess formation[1][3]
Duration	Long term
Causes	Bacteria producing acid from food debris[4]
Risk factors	Diet high in simple sugar, diabetes mellitus, Sjögren syndrome, medications that decrease saliva[4]
Prevention	Low-sugar diet, teeth brushing, fluoride, flossing[2][5]
Medication	Paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen[6]
Frequency	3.6 billion (2016)[7]

Goân-in

Chiù-khí ê hoat-pēⁿ in-toaⁿ kap hoat-pēⁿ koè-têng ia̍h-bô chin chheng-chhó, m̄-koh tāi-pō·-hūn lóng jīn-ûi kah sè-khún, sng, í-ki̍p thoat-kài-hoà (decalcification) ū tī-tāi. Pêng-siông-sî lán lâng ê kháu-khiuⁿ thàu-té lo̍h-ū sè-khún tī--leh. Lán teh chia̍h mi̍h ê sî-chūn, hia ê sè-khún tio̍h ē kā carbohydrate, te̍k-pia̍t sī chià-thn̂g, siau-hoà sán-seng sng. Tī sng ê khoân-kéng chi-hā, pH-ti̍t kàng-kē, chhùi-khí hoat-seng kài lî-chú (calcium ion) kap lîn-sng-kin lî-chú (phosphate ion) ùi gê-iū-chit kái-lî chhut--lâi ê thoat-kài-hoà hiān-siōng, sûi-āu pH-ti̍t seng-koân, ah kài lî-chú kap lîn-sng-kin lî-chú ē koh-chài tîm-chek tńg--khì hêng-sêng koh-kài-hoà (recalcificatioh), ia̍h tio̍h-sī kóng tú-khí-seng ê chiù-khí sī ē-tàng hoê-ho̍k--ê, m̄-koh nā thoat-kài-hoà khah iâⁿ-bīn, chiù-khí choâⁿ lâi hoat-seng. Sè-khún, sng, lah-sap-mi̍h-á kah chhùi-nōa thàu-lām chò-hoé chiâⁿ-chò 1-khoán liâm-liâm iū-koh n̂g-n̂g, chiâⁿ-gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê bu̍t-chit, hō·-lâng hō-chò khí-khún-pan (dental plaque). Khí-khún-pan poaⁿ-ián chiù-khí kap khí-chiu-pēⁿ ê koan-kiān kha-siàu.

Kî-thaⁿ in-sò͘

• Chhùi-khí

Chhùi-khí ê kò͘-chō, te̍k-pia̍t sī chhùi-khí ê piáu-bīn chham chiù-khí chiâⁿ ū koan-hē. Chiù-khí ê hoat-seng-lu̍t kah chhùi-khí piáu-bīn ê hu̍t (氟), sin (鋅), iân (鉛) hâm thih (鐵) lî-chú ê liōng hêng-sêng hoán-pí ê koan-hē. Chhùi-khí ê hêng-thāi mā-sī in-sò· chi-it, sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng (pit and fissure) chiâⁿ iông-ī tui-chek gê-khún-pan ín-khí chiù-khí. Chhùi-khí ê ūi-tī mā-ū éng-hióng, pí-jû chhò-ūi (malposition) ê chhùi-khí, sé khah bē chheng-khì, tio̍h khah-gâu chiù-khí.

• Chhùi-nōa

Chhùi-nōa ê chē-chió tùi chiù-khí ū tiōng-tōa ê éng-hióng, chhùi-nōa nā chē tio̍h khah boē chiù-khí; chhùi-nōa nā chió tio̍h khah gâu chiù-khí.

 tghbn ng b rev  gb gv bntgb. gb b  g b fv m bob mb ngvb ngbn g vb 'edfcv mnfv nb nnghbn mgb mgvb v fan gb bn non tvb nnt v. vbb gb. b

Chèng-thâu kah cheng-siōng

Chèng-chōng (syndrome)

Chiù-khí bô tiāⁿ-tio̍h ē thiàⁿ, phó·-lio̍k lâi kóng tio̍h tán-kàu gê-iū-chit hō· phò·-hāi kàu siong-tong thêng-tō·, chiah-ē thiàⁿ. Chiù-khí mā bô-tek-khak ē-ū chiâⁿ tōa ê chiù-khang tī chhùi-khí ê piáu-bīn hō· lâng khòaⁿ-kìⁿ, tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sī piáu-bīn kan-tāⁿ ū sè-ka-khang-á ê khang-chhùi, lāi-té í-keng chiù kah khang-khang-khang.

Cheng-siōng (sign)

Fig: Chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ

Gê-i-su chú-iàu sī thàu-kòe ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat, thàm-chiam thàm-chhek (probing), kap tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ (radiograph) lâi kiám-cha chiù-khí. Gê-i-su tāi-seng ti̍t-chiap koan-chhat kám-ū chiù-khí? Chiù-khí ê lîm-chhn̂g cheng-siōng siāng tāi-seng sī "pe̍h-tiám". Tī pe̍h-tiám sî-kî iah-bô chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê bêng-hián sòng-sit, chiù-khang ê chìn-hêng sī ē-tàng hôe-ho̍k--ê. Kàu--liáu khah lo̍h--bóe ū kim-sio̍k lî-chí, chhùi-nōa ê nn̄g-pe̍h-chit, he̍k-sī hun-tái tîm-chek ê sî, pe̍h-tiám tio̍h piàn-sêng n̂g-sek, ka-pi-sek, he̍k-sī o·-sek, soah--lâi chiù-chhng khai-sí chhut-hiān jî-chhiáⁿ bē-tàng koh hôe-ho̍k. Gê-i-su soah--lo̍h-lâi ē iōng thàm-chiam thàm-chhek chiù-khang. Sú-iōng tiān-kong liap-iáⁿ ē-tàng pang-chān chiù-khí ê chín-toān, m̄-koh tiān-kong-phìⁿ só· khòaⁿ--tio̍h ê chiù-khang pí si̍t-chè siōng ê chiù-khang khah sè.

Fig: Chiù-khí ê sī-ì-tô·ē-tàng kah chiù-khí ê tiān-kong-phìⁿ tùi-chiàu

Lîm-chhn̂g siōng, tùi 3 ê kak-tō· kā chiù-khí hun-chòe 6 lūi:

• Chiù-khí ê ūi-tì:
  • Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng chiù-khí: chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí kā-ha̍h bīn ê sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng.
  • Pêng-ku̍t bīn chiù-khí: chiù-khí tī chhùi-khí ê pêng-ku̍t piáu-bīn.
• Hoat-pēⁿ ê sok-tō·:
  • Kip-sèng chiù-khí: hoat-chok liáu chiok-kín , siâng-chāi chhut-hiān tī 20 hòe chìn-chêng, pí-jû kóng rampant caries.
  • Bān-sèng chiù-khí: hoat-seng ê sok-tō· chiâⁿ bān, pí-jû kóng arrested caries, ū tang-sî-á ē chū-jiân siau-sit.
• Goân-hoat a̍h sī chài-hoat:
  • Goân-hoat-sèng chiù-khí: chiù-khí hoat-seng tī goân-té bô chiù-khí ê gê-iū-chit he̍k gê-pún-chit.
  • Chài-hoat-sèng chiù-khí: chiù-khí hoat-seng tī thiām-pó·-bu̍t chi-hā he̍k pian-iân.

Tī-liâu

Phò-hāi--khì ê chhùi-khí kiat-kò· bô-hoat-tō· oân-choân koh seⁿ--chut-lâi, sui-bóng chhùi-khiuⁿ oē-seng nā î-chhî tī sek-tòng ê piau-chún, hui-siông sè ê chho·-kî chiù-khang ē koh-kài-hòa--tńg-lâi. ^[8] Tùi hui-siông sè ê chiù-khang, kio̍k-pō· ê hu̍t-hoà-bu̍t ē-sái chhiok-chìn koh-kài-hoà. Tùi khah-toā ê chiù-khang ē-sái thàu-koè tī-liâu lâi chiong-chí chiù-khi ê chin-tián. Tī-liâu ê bo̍k-phiau sī pó-liû chhùi-khí ê khí-chit kap phiah-bián chin-chi̍t-pō· ê phò-hāi.

It-poaⁿ lâi-kóng, chá-kî ê tī-liâu sī khah bē thiàⁿ--ê, mā khah bē khai-chîⁿ. Kio̍k-pō· bâ-chùi (anesthetic), nitrous oxide ("laughing gas"), he̍k kî-thaⁿ ê io̍h-bu̍t khó-lêng ē-sái pang-chān kiám-kheng tī-liâu ê thiàⁿ-thàng kap chiau-cho. ^[9] Ko-sok chhiú-ki kap boâ-chiam pī the̍h-lâi boâ-tû toā-pō·-hūn ê chiù-chhng. Thng-sî o̍·-á (spoon excavator) pī the̍h-lâi sè-jī ê î-tû chiù-khí, iû-kî sī chiù-khí chiok oá khí-chhoé ê chêng-hêng. ^[10] Chiù-chhng î-tû chheng-khì liáu-āu, song-sit ê chhùi-khí khí-chit su-iàu siu-ho̍k-thé lâi hui-ho̍k chhùi-khí ê kong-lêng kap bí-koan.

Siu-ho̍k ēng ê châi-liāu ū a-má-káng, ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí, iù-hûi-á, kap kim-á. ^[11] Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí kap iù-hûi-á in-ūi hó-khoàⁿ, pī sú-iōng tī su-iàu khó-lū bí-koan ê só·-chāi. M̄-koh ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí khah nńg, iù-hî-á khah chhè, tī su-iàu khah-toā ê pō· ê la̍t ê āu-piah-khí, ū-ê gê-i-su ē khó-lū kiàn-gī sú-iōng a-má-káng he̍k n̂g-kim. ^[12] Nā-sī chiù-khang siuⁿ-koè-toā, chhùi-khí bē-tàng kan-taⁿ iōng thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek lâi siu-ho̍k. chit-ê sî-chūn, tio̍h su-iàu khí-lông. Khí-lông sī 1 ê thò-á, kā chhùi-khí pau--khí-lâi. Khí-lông tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ sú-iōng n̂g-kim, iù-hûi-á, he̍k iù-hûi iông-kàu kim-sio̍k (porcelain fused to metal) chia ê châi-liāu chè-chō.

Tī chi̍t-kóa chêng-hêng hā, kin-kńg tī-liâu sī su-iàu ê. ^[13] Kin-kńg tī-liâu koh kiò-chò khí-lāi tī-liâu. Chhùi-khí nā in-ūi chiù-khí he̍k goā-siong tì-sú khí-chhoé kám-jiám hoat-iām, tio̍h su-iàu kin-kńg tī-liâu. Tī khí-lāi tī-liâu, sîn-keng kap hoeh-kńg chia-ê khí-chhoé kap chiù-khí lóng hông î-tû chheng-khì. Kin-kńg pī iōng endodontic file lâi chheng-kiat kap sok-hêng, lō·-boé koh iōng chhiūⁿ chhiūⁿ-ni ê gutta-percha lâi thūn. ^[14] Tī-liâu soah, chhùi-khí ài iōng khí-lông kā khàm--khí-lâi.

Chiù-khí nā hûi-siông giâm-tiōng, tio̍h ài kā chhùi-khí bán-tiāu. Bô tùi-kā-khí (opposing tooth), he̍k lâu--lo̍h-lâi ē ín-khí chin-chi̍t-pō· ê būn-tê, he̍k tì-hūi-khí lóng-sī bán-chhùi-khí ê sek-èng-chèng. ^[15] Pēⁿ-lâng nā-sī bô-hoat-tō· he̍k m̄-goān hù siu-ho̍k ê hùi-iōng, he̍k siu-ho̍k ū khùn-lân, bán-chhùi-khí khó-lêng mā-sī kiàn-gī ê soán-tek.

Hiān-tāi siâng-chāi sú-iōng ê thiâm-pó· châi-liāu ū:

• a-má-káng (amalgam)
• Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (composite resin)

Khah-tōa ê chiù-khang nā sú-iōng ti̍t-chiap thiâm-pó· ê hong-sek khah-bô thò-tòng, pit-su keng-kòe kā-bô· (impression taking), koàn-bô· (pouring cast), tih-la̍h (waxup), hoan-soa (investing), kap chù-chō (casting) téng-téng kòe-têng, chòe-aū chò-sêng kham-thé (inlay), koan-kài-thé (onlay), he̍k-sī khí-lông (crown), chiah-koh iōng liâm-ha̍p-che (dental cement) liâm tī chhùi-khí, án-ne chiah ē-tàng hoe-ho̍k chhùi-khí ê gōa-hêng kap kong-lêng. Kham-thé, koan-kài-thé, kap khí-lông só· sú-iōng ê châi-liāu ū :

• Khe-kim (gold alloys)
• Phó·-thong kim-sio̍k (base metal)
• Iù-hûi-á (porcelain)
• Ho̍k-ha̍p chhiū-chí (composite resin)

Ī-hông

Chia̍h-mi̍h khòng-chè

Siāng ū-hāu ê ī-hông hoat-to· chi-it sī chīn-liōng mài chia̍h cheng-chè ê thn̂g-lūi chia̍h-mi̍h. Nā-beh chia̍h tit hoaⁿ-hí, koh bē chhùi-khí-thiàⁿ, tû-liáu ióng-sêng liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ chheng-kiat koàn-sì í-gōa, koh-ài phòe-ha̍p chia̍h-si̍t koán-lí, soán-tek sek-tòng ê chia̍h-mi̍h, kap khòng-chè gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h ê liap-chhú-liōng.

It-poan lâi-kóng, liâm-sèng koân, hâm thn̂g chē, cheng-chè ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ tiám-sim sī siāng-gâu chiù-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h. In-chhú teh chia̍h tiám-sim ê sî-chūn, tio̍h-ài chim-chiok soán-tek.

Khòng-chè chia̍h-si̍t ê chò-hoat

• Ióng-sêng tha̍k si̍t-phín piau-chhiam ê koàn-sì tāi-seng, m̄-thang kò·-bé hâm thn̂g siuⁿ chē ê si̍t-phín.
• kā gâu chiù-khí ê si̍t-bu̍t chīn-liōng hān-chè tī 3 tǹg pn̄g-chêng he̍k pn̄g-āu 1 tiám-cheng lāi lâi chia̍h，jî-chhiáⁿ pn̄g-āu ài sé-chhùi bín-chhùi-khí, sé liáu bē-sái koh chia̍h mi̍h-kiāⁿ.
• Chim-chiok soán-tek 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim.
  • Khah mài chia̍h chē thn̂g gâu liâm chhùi-khí ê chia̍h-mi̍h, soán-tek kî-thaⁿ sek-ha̍p ê tāi-iōng-phín.
  • Soán-tek sú-iōng chheⁿ-chhài kóe-chí lâi chò 3 tǹg chi-kan ê tiám-sim.
  • Pē-bú he̍k-chiah sī-tōa mài iōng thn̂g-kó lâi chiáng-lē kap phiàn gin-á.
  • Chhù-lāi ê lâng ê li̍p-tiûⁿ tio̍h-ài siāng-khoán, chiah-bē kā gin-á ê koan-liām chhòng--loān-khì.

Chia̍h-mi̍h ê soán-tek

• Chīn-liōng phiah-bián ê chia̍h-mi̍h:
  chi-ku-la̍t (chi-ku-la̍t gû-leng), chhiū-ni-thn̂g, ngē ê thn̂g-kó, thn̂g-á-chhiám (棒棒糖), thô·-tāu-thn̂g, toffee thn̂g (太妃糖), peng-kî-lîm, tiⁿ-kho͘-pháng (甜甜圈), lìn-gò͘-phài (phông-kó-phài; 蘋果派), chó-á-ko (棗糕), hâm-thn̂g ê piáⁿ-koaⁿ, kho͘-khó͘-ah (可可), khì-chúi, ka-thn̂g ê kó-chiap, phô-tô-koaⁿ, kóe-chí koàn-thâu, kó-chiùⁿ, phang-bi̍t, thô·-tāu-chiùⁿ (花生醬) téng-téng.
• Ē-ēng-tit khó-lū ê chia̍h-mi̍h:
  So·-tá piáⁿ , bô-thn̂g ê chhiū-ni-thn̂g, thô͘-tāu, he̍k-thô, koe-chí, bán-thô, pau-á, po̍h-piánn (烙餅), pe̍h-kún-chúi, chió-thn̂g he̍k-chiá bô-thn̂g ê liâng-chúi, bô ka-kang--kòe ê chhài-se hām kóe-chí, ke-bah-kak, bah-so͘, hî-so· kah liû-hî-si.

Kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng

Liông-hó ê kháu-khiuⁿ ōe-seng sī ī-hông chiù-khí ê tē-2 ê hoat-tō͘, te̍k-pia̍t sī pêng-hôa bīn ê chiù-khí. 1 kang siāng-chió 1 kái sú-iōng khí-bín-á sé-chhùi kap khí-sòaⁿ chheng chhùi-khí-phāng sī chiâⁿ tiōng-iàu ê chheng-kia̍t khang-khòe. Sú-iōng ū lām chlorhexidine ê lo̍k-chhùi-chúi sui-jiân ê-tàng ek-chè gê-khún-pan lâi hêng-sêng, m̄-koh gê-i-su bô chàn-sêng tn̂g-kî sú-iōng.

Kái-piàn chhùi-khí piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō

Hu̍t lî-chí tn̂g-sî-kan tiāⁿ-tiāⁿ kap khí-iū-chit chiap-chhiok ē-tàng sú-ti̍t chá-kî ê chiù-khí koh-chài kài-hòa, lēng-gōa koân lông-tō· ê hu̍t mā ē-tàng ek-chè gê-khún-pan sán-seng sng. Só·-í hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t ē-tàng kiám-chió chhùi-khí kài-chit ê liû-sit, pang-chō· chá-kî chiù-khí ê hôe-ho̍k, sú-ti̍t chhùi-khí tùi chiù-khí koh-khah ū té-khòng-la̍t. Gê-i-su siâng-chài kiàn-gī lī-iōng hu̍t-hòa-bu̍t ê hoat-tō· ū:

Kî-thaⁿ ê pō͘-sò͘

• Tī lim ê chúi chham-ji̍p hu̍t (飲水加氟)
• Chia̍h hu̍t ê io̍h-á (口服氟錠)
• Hâm hu̍t khí-ko kap lo̍k-chhùi-chúi
• Kio̍k-pō͘ chhat hu̍t (局部塗氟)

Kái-piàn chhùi-khí piáu-bīn he̍k chhùi-khí kò·-chō ê lēng 1-ê hó hoat-tō· sī:

• Sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng hong-pì
  

Sú-iōng liû-tōng-sèng chiâⁿ-hó ê chhiū-chí kā chhùi-khí ka-ha̍p bīn siāng-gâu chiù-khang ê sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng hong-pì--khí-lâi sī ī-hông sió-khut-á kap li̍h-phāng chiù-khí siāng-hó ê hoat-tō·.

Chham-khó chu-liāu

8. Dental Cavities, MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, page accessed August 14, 2006.
9. Oral Health Topics: Anesthesia Frequently Asked Questions, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.
10. Summit, James B., J. William Robbins, and Richard S. Schwartz. "Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach." 2nd edition. Carol Stream, Illinois, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 2001, p. 128. ISBN 0-86715-382-2.
11. "Aspects of Treatment of Cavities and of Caries Disease" from the Disease Control Priorities Project. Page accessed August 15, 2006.
12. Oral Health Topics: Dental Filling Options, hosted on the American Dental Association website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.
13. What is a Root Canal?, hosted by the Academy of General Dentistry. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.
14. FAQs About Root Canal Treatment, hosted on the American Association of Endodontists website. Page accessed August 16, 2006.
15. Wisdom Teeth Archived 2006-04-18 at the Wayback Machine., packet in pdf format hosted by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Page accessed on August 16, 2006.

Iân-sin oa̍t-tho̍k

• Nanci, A. (2013). Ten Cate's Oral Histology. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0323078467.
• B. A. Burt et S. Pai, Sugar consumption and caries risk : a systematic review, 2001
• M Woodward & A. R. Walker, Sugar consumption and dental caries : evidence from 90 countries, 1994

Goā-pō· liân-kiat

Hun-luī	D ICD-10: K02 ICD-9-CM: 521.0 MeSH: D003731 DiseasesDB: 29357
Guā-pōo tsu-guân	MedlinePlus: 001055

Tī Wikimedia Commons téng ê siong-koan tóng-àn: Chiù-khí

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• Chiù-khí teh DMOZ
• Centers for Disease Control: Dental Caries