一項在2016年所做的系統評價和整合分析發現,在乙醇消費方面,與終生禁酒的人相比,適當的消費不會延長壽命。[16]在疾病對全球負擔(Global Burden of Disease)的研究數據所做的系統分析發現,乙醇的攝取會增加罹患癌症的風險,並提高全因死亡率的風險,結論是,讓疾病數量達到最小化的乙醇攝取量,是零飲用。[17]
在美國進行的一項國民健康與營養檢定調查(英語:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey)(NHANES)得出的結論是:"輕度至中度飲酒與代謝症候群的患病率較低有關,對脂肪、腰圍、和空腹胰島素產生有利影響。這種關係在白人中,以及喝啤酒及葡萄酒的人最為明顯。[132]同樣,在韓國進行的一項全國調查顯示,酒精攝取與代謝症候群之間存在J形曲線關聯:"本研究的結果顯示,代謝症候群與輕度飲酒呈負相關(韓國成年人每天飲酒1–15公克)",但在飲酒量大的人,則危險會增加。[133]
據估計,2006年"全世界中有3.6%的癌症病例與飲酒有關,因此導致的死亡佔所有癌症死亡的3.5%。" [186]在2011年所做的一項歐洲研究發現,男性癌症的10分之1,與女性癌症的33分之1,是由於過去或現在的酒精攝取所引起。[187][188]世界癌症研究基金會(英語:World Cancer Research Fund International)小組的報告《「食物、營養、體育活動、和癌症預防:全球視野」》發現 "有說服力"的證據,顯示酒精飲料會增加以下癌症的風險:嘴巴、咽和喉、食道、大腸癌(男性)、乳癌(更年期前後)。[189]
Cheryl Platzman Weinstock. Alcohol Consumption Increases Risk of Breast and Other Cancers, Doctors Say. Scientific American. 2017-11-08 [2018-11-13]. (原始內容存檔於2020-11-28). The ASCO statement, published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, cautions that while the greatest risks are seen with heavy long-term use, even low alcohol consumption (defined as less than one drink per day) or moderate consumption (up to two drinks per day for men, and one drink per day for women because they absorb and metabolize it differently) can increase cancer risk. Among women, light drinkers have a four percent increased risk of breast cancer, while moderate drinkers have a 23 percent increased risk of the disease.
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