藍鯨(學名:Balaenoptera musculus)是屬於鬚鯨小目的海洋哺乳動物,也是地球史上已知最大的動物,文獻紀錄中的最大長度為29.9米,體重達199噸。藍鯨的身軀瘦長,呈流線型,背部青灰色,下身顏色比較淡。目前已知藍鯨至少有四個亞種:生活在北大西洋和北太平洋的北方藍鯨(B. m. musculus);棲息在南冰洋的南極藍鯨(B. m. intermedia);棲息在印度洋和南太平洋的侏儒藍鯨(B. m. brevicauda);印度洋的北印度洋藍鯨(B. m. indica)。在智利附近水域或許還存在第五個亞種。
其他常見的名稱還有西巴德鯨、塞巴氏鬚鯨,來自藍鯨的最初描述者羅伯特·西巴德。[8]赫爾曼·梅爾維爾在其小說《白鯨記》中稱藍鯨為硫磺底(英語:sulphur-bottom)[10],因為矽藻附着在藍鯨的皮膚上,使得牠們的下側呈現橘棕色或淡黃色,因此其也稱為磺底鯨。[7][11]此外還有大藍鯨(英語:great blue whale)、大北鬚鯨、巨北鬚鯨(英語:great northern rorqual)等名稱,不過近幾十年來這些名稱漸漸被人們所遺忘。
自1966年禁止捕殺藍鯨以來,它們的種群數量趨於穩定並有所上升。根據自蘇聯停止捕殺藍鯨後的數據,南極海域的藍鯨數量平均每年增長7.3%,但其總數仍低於捕鯨活動前的1%。[32]有研究指出冰島和加利福尼亞州附近的藍鯨數量也有增長,但該數據沒有統計學意義。[33]根據2018的年估算,全球大約有5,000–15,000頭成年藍鯨,總數大約在10,000-25,000頭。相比之下,1926年全球大約有140,000頭成年藍鯨。估計如今有約1,000-3,000頭藍鯨生活在北大西洋,3,000-5,000頭生活在北太平洋,5,000-8,000生活在南大洋。在南太平洋東部或許還生活有1,000–3,000頭藍鯨和2,000-5,000頭侏儒藍鯨。[34]自1939年起,藍鯨在南半球受到保護。1959年,根據《國際捕鯨管制公約》,生活在北大西洋的藍鯨受到保護。1965年,公約保護範圍擴展至南大洋,1966年擴展至北太平洋。[35][36]冰島直到1960年才承認公約在北大西洋對藍鯨的保護。[37]在美國,藍鯨受《1973年瀕危物種法案(英語:Endangered Species Act of 1973)》保護。[38]
杜克大學海洋哺乳動物研究者開發維護了BIS-SEAMAP系統(海洋生物地理信息系統 - 巨型脊椎動物族群的空間生態分析,英語:Ocean Biogeographic Information System - Spatial Ecological Analysis of Megavertebrate Populations),可用以更加精確的檢測藍鯨族群數量。[39]該系統通過對130個來源的收集整理,構建出海洋哺乳動物的活動蹤跡。[40]
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