約公元前540-530年,伊特魯里亞文明的公牛墓(Tomb of the Bulls(英語:Tomb of the Bulls))(Italian: Tomba dei Tori),於1892年發現於塔爾奎尼亞的Monterozzi墓地(Necropolis of Monterozzi(英語:Necropolis of Monterozzi)),描繪了同性性行為。這所墳墓因其壁畫中的公牛命名,壁畫中公牛對面有一對同性戀和一對異性戀的性愛場景。這幅壁畫也許用來辟邪,或者是死後和重生的具象化。三間墓堂依據墓主人的姓名降序排布,Aranth Spurianas 或稱 Arath Spuriana,同時也描繪了阿基里斯殺死特洛伊王子特洛伊羅斯的場景以及阿波羅崇拜的相關內容。[8]
1370左右 – Jan van Aersdone 和 Willem Case 兩位男性在1370年左右在比利時的安特衛普被判處死刑,他們被指控因進行同性性行為而嚴重觸犯歐洲中世紀的法律。[來源請求] 相關文件的發現使得Aersdone 和 Case的名字為人所知。十四世紀另一對已知的同性戀者是威尼斯的Giovanni Braganza 和 Nicoleto Marmagna。[33]
1542年 – 拉普拉塔河口和巴拉圭總督阿爾瓦·努涅斯·卡韋薩·德·巴卡在他的著作《阿爾瓦·努涅斯·卡韋薩·德·巴卡一行從佛羅里達到太平洋的日記 1528-1536》(The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528-1536)中記錄了美洲印第安人部落中的同性婚姻以及「身着女性服裝並施以女性禮儀,但是使用弓箭並從事重體力勞動」的男性。
1913 – faggot 一詞在波特蘭出版的犯罪俚語詞典中指代同性戀 "All the fagots [sic] (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight". 馬塞爾·普魯斯特的《追憶似水年華》在法國出版,意味着同性戀公開在現代西方作家文學作品中。
Lauren E. Talalay, "The Gendered Sea: Iconography, Gender, and Mediterranean Prehistory," in The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 130–148, especially p. 136.
Greenberg, David,The Construction of Homosexuality, 1988; Parkinson, R.B.,『Homosexual』 Desire and Middle Kingdom Literature Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 81, 1995, p. 57-76; Montserrat, Dominic, Akhenaten: History, Fantasy, and Ancient Egypt, 2000. More details at [1] & [2] (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
Lynn Meskell, when writing about homosexuality, calls it "Another well documented example" (Archaeologies of social life: age, sex, class et cetera in ancient Egypt, Wiley-Blackwell, 1999, p.95)
Stephan Steingräber, Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting (Getty Publications, 2006), pp. 67, 70, 91–92; Otto Brendel, Etruscan Art, translated by R. Serra Ridgway (Yale University Press, 1978, 1995), pp. 165–170; Fred S. Kleiner, A History of Roman Art (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010), p. xxxii.
Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 140–141; Amy Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 86, 224; John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century(University of Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 63, 67–68; Craig Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity(Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 116.
James L. Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," inSame-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition (Haworth Press, 2005), p. 231.
Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. 120; Edward Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 75.
Ornamentis Augustarum:Suetonius, Life of Nero28–29 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), discussed by Craig A. Williams,Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. pp. 284, 400, 424.
Theodosian Code 9.8.3: "When a man marries and is about to offer himself to men in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in feminam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, when sex has lost all its significance; when the crime is one which it is not profitable to know; when Venus is changed to another form; when love is sought and not found? We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be armed with an avenging sword, that those infamous persons who are now, or who hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to exquisite punishment.
(Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who have the shameful custom of condemning a man's body, acting the part of a woman's to the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear not to be different from women), shall expiate a crime of this kind in avenging flames in the sight of the people.
Visigothic Code 3.5.5, 3.5.6 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館); "The doctrine of the orthodox faith requires us to place our censure upon vicious practices, and to restrain those who are addicted to carnal offences. For we counsel well for the benefit of our people and our country, when we take measures to utterly extirpate the crimes of wicked men, and put an end to the evil deeds of vice. For this reason we shall attempt to abolish the horrible crime of sodomy, which is as contrary to Divine precept as it is to chastity. And although the authority of the Holy Scriptures, and the censure of earthly laws, alike, prohibit offences of this kind, it is nevertheless necessary to condemn them by a new decree; lest if timely correction be deferred, still greater vices may arise. Therefore, we establish by this law, that if any man whosoever, of any age, or race, whether he belongs to the clergy, or to the laity, should be convicted, by competent evidence, of the commission of the crime of sodomy, he shall, by order of the king, or of any judge, not only suffer emasculation, but also the penalty prescribed by ecclesiastical decree for such offences, and promulgated in the third year of our reign."
PETRI DAMIANI Liber gomorrhianus , ad Leonem IX Rom. Pon. in Patrologiae Cursus completus...accurante J.P., MIGNE, series secunda, tomus CXLV, col. 161; CANOSA, Romano, Storia di una grande paura La sodomia a Firenze e a Venezia nel quattrocento, Feltrinelli, Milano 1991, pp.13–14
Diarmaid MacCulloch (2003). Reformation: A History. pg. 95. MacCulloch says "he fell in love" and further adds in a footnote "There has been much modern embarrassment and obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but see the sensible comment in J.Huizinga, Erasmus of Rotterdam (London, 1952), pp. 11–12, and from Geoffrey Nutuall, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 26 (1975), 403
R v Jacobs (1817) Russ & Ry 331 confirmed that buggery related only to intercourse per anum by a man with a man or woman or intercourse per anum or per vaginum by either a man or a woman with an animal. Other forms of "unnatural intercourse" may amount to indecent assault or gross indecency, but do not constitute buggery. See generally, Smith & Hogan, Criminal Law (10th ed), ISBN 0-406-94801-1
Steakley, James D. (revised 1989). "Iconography of a Scandal: Political Cartoons and the Eulenburg Affair in Wilhelmin Germany", Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay & Lesbian Past (1990), Duberman, et al., eds. New York: Meridian, New American Library, Penguin Books. ISBN 0-452-01067-5.
Goldman, Emma (1923). "Offener Brief an den Herausgeber der Jahrbücher über Louise Michel" with a preface by Magnus Hirschfeld. Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 23: 70. Translated from German by James Steakley. Goldman's original letter in English is not known to be extant.
middlebury.edu Russian Gay History (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) "It was not until 1832 that the criminal code included Article 995, which made muzhelozhstvo (men lying with men, which the courts interpreted as anal intercourse) a criminal act punishable by exile to Siberia.... The October Revolution of 1917 did away with the entire Criminal Code .... The new Russian Criminal Codes of 1922 and 1926 eliminated the offence of muzhelozhstvo from the law."