研究人员格兰杰·摩根等人（Granger Morgan et al.，2009年）[52]提出在面临高度不确定性时，有两种特别具有吸引力的相关决策管理策略。第一个是韧性策略，目的是找出一系列可能的未来情况，然后选择在所有状况中都能发挥良好作用的方法。第二个是调适性策略。此想法是选择可随著未来进程之内学习到更多，而作改进的策略。格兰杰·摩根等人将这两种方法与成本效益方法进行对比，以找出最佳策略。[52]
决策分析中于采用选择标准时具有主观的性质。[60]这种标准选择是在分析之外进行的（外源性变数，参见外源性与内生性变数（英语：Exogenous and endogenous variables））。会影响作此选择的因素之一是看待风险的态度。风险回避描述的是某人愿意或不愿意承担风险的程度。有证据显示大多数（但非全部）个人更喜欢某些由不确定性产生的结果。有回避风险倾向的个人喜欢减少最坏可能结果的决策标准，而寻求风险的人则喜欢将最佳可能结果极大化的决策标准。就投资报酬率而言，如果整个社会是倾向回避风险的，可能会愿意接受一些预期回报为负的投资，例如缓解措施。[61]此类投资可能有助于减少未来气候损害的可能性，或是降低调适成本。
联合国温室气体排放差距报告（UN Emissions Gap Report，2021年发表） 显示最富有，占全球人口1%的温室气体排放数量，是全球最贫穷，占全球人口50%排放量的两倍多。为达成控制全球升温在1.5°C之内，前者必须将当前的排放减少达到30的倍数，而后者只需减少达到3的倍数即可。[84]全球不同所得地区的二氧化碳排放量各不相同，但常态是所得越高群组的排放量也会越高。[85]全球高所得，顶端1%人口的排放量是低所得，底层1%人口的一千倍。[85]
国际劳工组织于2019年发表标题为《在更温暖的星球上工作：热压力对劳动生产力和合宜工作的影响》的报告，称即使将气温上升限制在1.5°C，到2030年的气候变化每年造成的生产力损失将达到所有工作时数的2.2%。这相当于8,000万个全职工作岗位，即2.4兆美元。预计受影响最严重的部门是农业，预计将占所有损失的60%。建筑业预计也会受到严重影响，占损失的19%。其他面临最大风险的部门是环境产品和服务、废弃物收集、医疗急救、维修、交通运输、旅游、体育和某些形式的工业工作。[120][121]估计全球每年有350万人因燃烧化石燃料所造成的空气污染而过早死亡。[122]达成气候目标，取得的健康效益远超过采取行动而产生的成本。[123]逐步淘汰化石燃料对健康的好处以金钱衡量（由经济学家根据每个国家的生命价值（英语：value of life）估算）远高于达成《巴黎协定》中设定升温不超过2°C目标所需的成本。[124]
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