气候变化对水循环的影响(英语:Effects of climate change on the water cycle)很深远,被描述会对水循环(也称水文循环)产生“强化”(或是整体的“加强”)效果。[1]:1079这种现象至少从1980起就被观察到。[1]:1079其中一例是加剧的强降水事件。这情况对淡水资源可用性,以及海洋、冰盖、大气和陆地表面等储水的所在产生重要连锁反应。水循环对地球上的生命非常重要,对气候和洋流发挥重要作用。有多种原因让地球变暖,导致水循环随之发生变化。[2]例如较暖的大气中含有更多的水气,而会影响蒸发和降水。海洋可吸收93%来自太阳的热量,也发挥重要的作用。自1971年以来海洋热含量即在增加,对海洋本身和循环产生重大影响。[3]
气候模型尚无法顺利把水循环作模拟。[15]原因之一是降水量很难量化,它本质上是种间歇性发生的现象。[6]:50通常引用的仅为平均数量。[16]人们倾向于使用“降水”一词,就好像它与“降水量”的意思相同。在描述地球降水模式的变化时,真正重要的并非仅为总量:还与强度(下雨,或是下雪的强度)、频率(次数)、持续时间(时间长度)和类型(是雨,或是雪)有关[6]:50纽西兰气候学家凯文·E.·川伯斯(英语:Kevin E. Trenberth)针对降水的特性做研究,发现极端事件的频率和强度很重要,而这些在气候模型中很难估算。[15]
全球气候变化“会同时增加确保水安全的复杂度和成本”。[37]产生新的威胁和调适挑战。[38]原因是气候变化导致水文变率和极端事件增加。气候变化对水循环造成许多影响,产生更多的气候和水文变异性,而威胁到水安全。[39]:1[40]: vII 水循环变化威胁到现有和未来的水基础设施。因为水循环的未来变率有太多不确定性,对规划水利基础设施的投资而言将更会有困难度,[38]而让社会更易受到与水有关极端事件的影响,水安全因而被降低。[39]:vII
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