1896年,德国精神病学家Kraepelin因该障碍多起病于青少年且以衰退为结局,将其命名为“早发性痴呆”[12][13]。1911年,瑞士学者Bleuler研究认为核心问题是人格的分裂,提出了“精神分裂”(splitting of mind)的概念,又因预后并不一定是衰退,故建议命名为“精神分裂症”[12]。该障碍的英文名“schizophrenia”即移植自新拉丁文,词根是希腊语“skhizein”(意为“分裂”)与“phrēn”(意为“精神”)[27]。汉字文化圈过去都曾直译作“精神分裂症”,后来台湾改称“思觉失调症”[28][29][30],日本改称“统合失调症”[31];香港则仍将此障碍称作“精神分裂症”,而使用“思觉失调”一词指代“psychosis”[32](台湾、中国大陆译“精神病”)或“early psychosis(英语:Early intervention in psychosis)”[33](台湾、中国大陆无专名)。
在20世纪70年代初,精神分裂症的诊断标准出现了不少争议,最终修订成现今所使用的标准。1971年美英诊断学大会发现美国的思觉失调症患者要比欧洲多很多[213],部分是因为美国使用的DSM-II诊断标准比起欧洲的ICD-9更为宽松。大卫·罗森汉(英语:David Rosenhan)于1972年进行并于《科学》期刊发表的著名研究——《精神病房里的正常人》(On being sane in insane places),指出美国的思觉失调症诊断标准往往过于主观且不可靠[214]。这项研究不仅使精神分裂症的诊断标准得以修正,还令整本DSM手册得以修订,使得美国精神医学学会于1980年时出版DSM-III[215]。
2002年,日本把这一种疾病的名称由“精神分裂病seishin-bunretsu-byō”改名为“統合失調症tōgō-shitchō-shō”,以减少疾病名称所带来的社会污名[221],此一名字的灵感是来自生物-心理-社会模型的,且在实行三年内把接受诊断的人数从37%增加到70%[222]。2012年在韩国亦发生了类似的变化[223]。2014年,中华民国卫生福利部宣布将“精神分裂症”正式更名为“思觉失调症”[29],此一名称是考虑到此疾病的核心表现性质——“思考”及“知觉”[224]。精神病学教授吉姆·范·奥斯(英语:Jim van Os)则建议把英语的“Schizophrenia”(精神分裂症)改名为“psychosis spectrum syndrome”(思觉失调类群障碍症)[225]。
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