夸西姆·卡萨姆(英语:Quassim Cassam)教授认为阴谋论者之所以相信阴谋论,是因为他们的思维存有缺陷(更确切地说,是他们的思想性格存有缺陷)。他引用了哲学家琳达·察格岑布斯基(英语:Linda Zagzebski)的著作《思想的美德》(Virtues of the Mind),以此论及知性上的美德(谦虚、谨慎、用心)与恶德(轻信、大意、闭关自守)。他表示该些美德有助于正确审视事情本身,而恶德则“阻碍了有效和负责任的调查”。也就是说,那些容易相信阴谋论的人欠缺知性上的美德之余,亦拥有某些恶德[117]。
Issitt, Micah; Main, Carlyn. Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs. ABC-CLIO. 2014. ISBN 978-1-61069-478-0.
Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy. Applied Cognitive Psychology. 2014, 28 (2): 238–248. ISSN 0888-4080. doi:10.1002/acp.2995. A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people.
Thresher-Andrews, Christopher. An introduction into the world of conspiracy(PDF). PsyPAG Quarterly. 2013, 88: 5–8 [2020-12-19]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2015-08-13). Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and arguments.
conspiracy theory. 牛津英语词典 (第三版). 牛津大学出版社. 2005-09 (英语). "the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; spec. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"
Biddlestone, M., Green, R., Cichocka, A., Sutton, R., & Douglas, K. (2021). Conspiracy beliefs and the individual, relational, and collective selves. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(10), e12639.
Brotherton, Robert. Towards a definition of 'conspiracy theory'(PDF). PsyPAG Quarterly. 2013, 88: 9–14 [2020-12-19]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2015-08-13). A conspiracy theory is not merely one candidate explanation among other equally plausible alternatives. Rather, the label refers to a claim which runs counter to a more plausible and widely accepted account...[Conspiratorial beliefs are] invariably at odds with the mainstream consensus among scientists, historians, or other legitimate judges of the claim's veracity.
Nefes, Turkay. Framing of a Conspiracy Theory: The Efendi Series. Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion. BRILL. 2018: 407–422. ISBN 978-90-04-38202-2(英语). Conspiracy theories often function as popular conduits of ethno-religious hatred and conflict.
Simelela, Nono; Venter, W. D. Francois; Pillay, Yogan; Barron, Peter. A Political and Social History of HIV in South Africa. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 2015, 12 (2): 256–261. ISSN 1548-3568. PMID 25929959. doi:10.1007/s11904-015-0259-7.
Johnson, Allen. Reviewed Work: The Repeal of the Missouri Compromise: Its Origin and Authorship by P. Orman Ray. The American Historical Review. 1909, 14 (4): 835–836. JSTOR 1837085. doi:10.2307/1837085. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t27948c87. The claim that [David R.] Atchison was the originator of the [Missouri Compromise] repeal may be termed a recrudescence of the conspiracy theory first asserted by Colonel John A. Parker of Virginia in 1880.
Blaskiewicz, Robert. Nope, It Was Always Already Wrong. The Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 2013-08-03 [2015-12-11]. (原始内容存档于2015-12-12).
McKenzie-McHarg, Andrew (2019) "Conspiracy Theory: The Nineteenth-Century Prehistory of a Twentieth-Century Concept," pp. 78, 76. In Joseph E. Uscinski (ed) Conspiracy Theories & the People Who Believe Them. New York: Oxford University Press.
deHaven-Smith, Lance. Conspiracy Theory in America. 2013-04-15: 3 [2016-01-27]. ISBN 9780292743793. (原始内容存档于2016-09-06). The term "conspiracy theory" did not exist as a phrase in everyday American conversation before 1964. ... In 1964, the year the Warren Commission issued its report, The New York Times published five stories in which "conspiracy theory" appeared.
Enders, Adam M.; Smallpage, Steven M.; Lupton, Robert N. Are All 'Birthers' Conspiracy Theorists? On the Relationship Between Conspiratorial Thinking and Political Orientations. British Journal of Political Science. 2018-07-09, 50 (3): 849–866. ISSN 0007-1234. doi:10.1017/s0007123417000837.
As quoted by B.K. Marcus in "Radio Free Rothbard互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2014-08-17.," Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol 20, No 2. (SPRING 2006): pp 17–51. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy. Applied Cognitive Psychology. 2014, 28 (2): 238–248. ISSN 0888-4080. doi:10.1002/acp.2995.
Birchall, Clare. Cultural studies on/as conspiracy theory. Birchall, Clare (编). Knowledge goes pop from conspiracy theory to gossip. Oxford, New York: Berg. 2006. ISBN 978-1-84520-143-2.
Sutton, Robbie M; Douglas, Karen M. Conspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: implications for political ideology. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 2020, 34: 118–122. ISSN 2352-1546. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.015.
Nefes, Türkay S. Political parties' perceptions and uses of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories in Turkey. The Sociological Review. 2013, 61 (2): 247–264. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12016.
Nefes, Türkay S. The History of the Social Constructions of Dönmes (Converts)*. Journal of Historical Sociology. 2012, 25 (3): 413–439. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2012.01434.x.
Stojanov, Ana; Halberstadt, Jamin. Does lack of control lead to conspiracy beliefs? A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2020, 50 (5): 955–968. ISSN 0046-2772. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2690.
Berlet, Chip. Interview: Michael Barkun. 2004 [2009-10-01]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-02). The issue of conspiracism versus rational criticism is a tough one, and some people (Jodi Dean, for example) argue that the former is simply a variety of the latter. I don't accept this, although I certainly acknowledge that there have been conspiracies. They simply don't have the attributes of almost superhuman power and cunning that conspiracists attribute to them.
Swami, Viren; Coles, Rebecca; Stieger, Stefan; Pietschnig, Jakob; Furnham, Adrian; Rehim, Sherry; Voracek, Martin. Conspiracist ideation in Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real-world and fictitious conspiracy theories. British Journal of Psychology. 2011, 102 (3): 443–463. ISSN 2044-8295. PMID 21751999. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02004.x.
van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Jostmann, Nils B. Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2012-12-17, 43 (1): 109–115. ISSN 0046-2772. doi:10.1002/ejsp.1922.
Vedantam, Shankar. Born With the Desire to Know the Unknown. The Washington Post. 2006-06-05: A02 [2006-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-01).Sociologist Theodore Sasson has remarked, "Conspiracy theories explain disturbing events or social phenomena in terms of the actions of specific, powerful individuals. By providing simple explanations of distressing events—the conspiracy theory in the Arab world, for example, that the 11 September attacks were planned by the Israeli Mossad—they deflect responsibility or keep people from acknowledging that tragic events sometimes happen inexplicably."
Burnett, Thom. Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Conspiracy Theories
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Cziesche, Dominik; Jürgen Dahlkamp, Ulrich Fichtner, Ulrich Jaeger, Gunther Latsch, Gisela Leske, Max F. Ruppert. Panoply of the Absurd. Der Spiegel. 2003 [2006-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-23).
Melley, Timothy. Empire of Conspiracy: The Culture of Paranoia in Postwar America. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8014-8606-7.
Meigs, James B. The Conspiracy Industry. Popular Mechanics. Hearst Communications. 2006 [2006-10-13]. (原始内容存档于2006-10-24).
Nefes, Türkay Salim. The history of the social constructions of Dönmes. Journal of Historical Sociology. 2012, 25 (3): 413–39. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2012.01434.x.
Nefes, Türkay Salim. 'Political parties' perceptions and uses of anti-Semitic conspiracy theories in Turkey'. The Sociological Review. 2013, 61 (2): 247–64. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.12016.
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