阿司匹林在体内分解为水杨酸,而水杨酸本身则有抗炎、退烧、镇痛等作用。2012年发现水杨酸还能激活AMP活化蛋白激酶(英语:AMP-activated protein kinase),这是水杨酸和阿司匹林药效的一种可能的解释。[143][144]阿司匹林分子中的乙酰基也并非没有作用。细胞蛋白的乙酰化是其转译后修饰中被广泛研究的现象。阿司匹林能使包括COX同工酶在内的几种蛋白质乙酰化。这些乙酰化反应可能可以阐释一些阿司匹林尚未得到解释的效应[145][146]。
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