Sudan
churu kumpoto cha kumafumilo gha Dazi gha Afilika / From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sudan (Chingelezi: /suːˈdɑːn/ panji /suːˈdæn/; Arabic: سودان, romanized: Sūdān), mwalamulo Republic of Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية سودان, romanized: Jumhūriyyat Sūdān), ni chalo icho chili ku North East Africa. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Central African Republic, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chad, kumpoto kwa Egypt, kumpoto kwa Eritrea, kumwera kwa Ethiopia, kumwera kwa Libya, kumwera kwa South Sudan, na ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45.7 miliyoni[11] Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), ndipo ntchigaŵa chachitatu mu Africa. Charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pa vyaru vya mu Africa na vyaru vya Arab League m'paka apo South Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011. Msumba wake ukuru ni Khartoum, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ni Omdurman.
Charu cha Sudan جمهورية سودان (Arabic) Jumhūriyyat Sūdān |
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Chiluso: النصر لنا an-Naṣr lanā "Victory is ours" |
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Nyimbo: نحن جند الله، جند الوطن Naḥnu jund Allah, jund al-waṭan "We are the soldiers of God, the soldiers of the Nation" |
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Sudan displayed in dark green color, claimed territories in light green
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Msumba Waboma | Khartoum | |||||
Msumba usani | Omdurman | |||||
Chiyowoyelo chaboma |
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Mitundu ya Ŵanthu | ||||||
Vipembezo |
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Mwenecharu | Sudanese | |||||
Mtundu wa Boma | Federal republic under a military junta[4][5] | |||||
- | Transitional Sovereignty Council |
Others[6]
Shams al-Din Khabbashi
Yasser al-Atta Ibrahim Jabir Karim El Hadi Idris Yahya El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar Raja Nicola Abdulgasim Bortom Yousef Jad Karim Abdelbagi al-Zubeir Salma Abdeljabbar |
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- | Prime Minister |
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Formation | ||||||
- | Kingdom of Kerma | 2500 BC | ||||
- | Kingdom of Kush | 1070 BC | ||||
- | Mahdist State | 1885 | ||||
- | Anglo-Egyptian Condominium | 1899 | ||||
- | Independence from the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt | 1 January 1956 | ||||
- | Secession of South Sudan | 9 July 2011 | ||||
- | 2019 coup d'état | 11 April 2019 | ||||
- | 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration effective | 20 August 2019 | ||||
- | 2021 coup d'état | 25 October 2021 | ||||
Ukulu wa Malo | ||||||
- | Malo | 1,886,068 km2 (15th) 728,215 sq mi |
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Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu | ||||||
- | 2023 estimate | 49,197,555[7] (30th) | ||||
- | Density | 21.3/km2 (202nd) 55.3/sq mi |
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GDP (PPP) | 2022 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $207.7 billion[8] (71st) | ||||
- | Per capita | $4,450[8] (151st) | ||||
GDP (nominal) | 2022 estimate | |||||
- | Total | $42.7 billion[8] (96th) | ||||
- | Per capita | $916[8] (171st) | ||||
Gini (2014) | 34.2[9] medium |
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HDI (2021) | 0.508[10] low ·172nd |
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Ndalama | Sudanese pound (SDG ) |
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Mtundu Wanyengo | CAT (UTC+2) | |||||
Kalembelo kasiku | dd/mm/yyyy | |||||
Woko la galimoto | right | |||||
ISO 3166 code | SD | |||||
Intaneti yacharu | .sd سودان. |
Mbiri yikulongora kuti Ufumu wa Kerma (c. 2500-1500 B.C.E.), Ufumu Waphya wa Eguputo (c. 1500 BC~1070 BC), na Ufumu wa Kush (c. 785 BC~350 AD). Pamanyuma pakuti Kush wabwangandulika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakamba kulamulira mu maufumu ghatatu gha Ŵakhristu gha Nobatia, Makuria, na Alodia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Sudan. Kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka m'ma 1800, chigaŵa chapakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Funj, apo Darfur wakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Ottomans kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1811, Mamluks ŵakakhazikiska boma ku Dunqulah, ilo likaŵa likuru la malonda gha ŵazga. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo na Ŵaturuki mu charu cha Sudan, mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera.[12] Kwambira mu ma 1800, caru cose ca Sudan cikathereskeka na Ŵaegupto awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ufumu wa Muhammad Ali. Nkhondo iyi yikati yacitika, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo. Mu 1899, ku Britain, Eguputo wakazomera kugaŵana mazaza pa Sudan na Britain. Nakuti charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa Britain.[13]Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo ya mu 1952 yikawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu ndipo yikati ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumemo mu Eguputo na Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵaciŵiri ŵa cigaluka ici, ndiposo pulezidenti wakwamba wa Egupto, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Sudan ndipo wakakulira mu Sudan, wakaŵika pakwamba kuti boma la Sudan liŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ku Eguputo na ku Sudan, United Kingdom yikakolerana na ivyo Eguputo wakakhumbanga. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, charu cha Sudan chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha.
Boma la Jaafar Nimeiry likamba kulamulira charu cha Sudan. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pakati pa boma la kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ŵavisopa vya Cisilamu na Ŵakhristu ŵa kumwera. Nkhondo iyi yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu la National Islamic Front (NIF), na ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Sudan, awo gulu lawo likuru chomene ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).[14] Pakati pa 1989 na 2019, muwuso wa ŵasilikari wa vyaka 30 uwo ukalongozgekanga na Omar al-Bashir ndiwo ukalamuliranga Sudan ndipo ukachitanga viheni vinandi pa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kutambuzga, kutambuzga ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, kutemwera vigeŵenga pa caru cose, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Darfur kwambira mu 2003 mpaka 2020. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti boma ili likakoma ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 400,000. Chiwonetsero chinabuka mu 2018, chofuna kuti Bashir achoke, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma liwonongeke pa 11 April 2019 ndipo Bashir anamangidwa.[15]
Chisilamu chikaŵa chisopa cha boma la Sudan ndipo malango gha Chisilamu ghakaŵako kwambira mu 1983 m'paka mu 2020 apo charu chikazgoka charu cha charu.[16] Sudan ni yimoza mwa vyaru vyakutukuka yayi ndipo yili pa malo 172 pa Human Development Index mu 2022. Chuma chake chimadalira kwambiri ulimi chifukwa cha ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudzipatula, komanso mbiri yakusakhazikika kwamkati ndi ziwawa zamagulu. Charu chose cha Sudan ntchakomira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 35 peresenti mbakavu. Charu cha Sudan chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Movement of Non-Aligned and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.