நெப்போலியப் போர்கள் என்பது நெப்போலியன் தலைமையிலான பிரான்சிற்கும் கூட்டணி நாடுகளுக்கும் இடையே 1803 ஆம் ஆண்டிலிருந்து 1815 ஆண்டு வரையிலான காலகட்டத்தில் நடந்த பல்வேறு போர்களைக் குறிக்கும். நெப்போலியனுக்கு எதிரான கூட்டணியில் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம், ரஷ்யா, ஆஸ்திரியா மற்றும் பிரசியா முதலிய நாடுகள் இருந்தன.
விரைவான உண்மைகள் Napoleonic Wars, நாள் ...
Napoleonic Wars
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/La_bataille_d%27Austerlitz._2_decembre_1805_%28Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%29.jpg/300px-La_bataille_d%27Austerlitz._2_decembre_1805_%28Fran%C3%A7ois_G%C3%A9rard%29.jpg)
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/300px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG) Top: Battle of Austerlitz Bottom: Battle of Waterloo
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நாள் |
18 May 1803 – 20 November 1815 (12 ஆண்டு-கள், 6 மாதம்-கள் and 2 நாள்-கள்)
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இடம் |
ஐரோப்பா, அத்திலாந்திக்குப் பெருங்கடல், நடுநிலக் கடல், வடகடல், Río de la Plata, பிரெஞ்சு கயானா, West Indies, இந்தியப் பெருங்கடல், வட அமெரிக்கா, South Caucasus
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Coalition victory, வியன்னா மாநாடு
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பிரிவினர் |
ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்
ஆத்திரியா[a][b] (1800–1805, 1809, 1813–1815)
Hungary[r] (1809)
உருசியா[c] (1804–1807, 1812–1815)
புருசியா[b] (1806–1807, 1812–1815)
Spain[d](1808–1815)
Portugal (1800–1807, 1809–1815)
சுவீடன்[f] (1804–1809, 1812–1815)
Sicily[e]
திருத்தந்தை நாடுகள்
Qajar dynasty (1807–1812)[q]
வார்ப்புரு:நாட்டுத் தகவல் Kingdom of Sardinia
வார்ப்புரு:நாட்டுத் தகவல் United Netherlands (1815)
Brunswick
Tuscany
சுவிட்சர்லாந்து
French Royalist
Hanover
Nassau
Bavaria
Württemberg
Tyrol
Montenegro (1806–1814)
| வார்ப்புரு:நாட்டுத் தகவல் First French Empire
- வார்ப்புரு:நாட்டுத் தகவல் Napoleonic Italy
Grand Duchy of Warsaw[g]
Polish Legions[g]
Holland[h]
Etruria[i]
Principality of Lucca and Piombino
Naples[j]
- வார்ப்புரு:நாட்டுத் தகவல் Swiss Swiss Confederation
- ரைன் கூட்டமைப்பு:[k][n]
Bonaparte Spain [d](1808–1813)
Spain[d](1803–1808)
Denmark–Norway[l]
உதுமானியப் பேரரசு [m](1806–1812)
ஆத்திரியா [a][b](1809–1813)
உருசியா [c](1807–1812)
புருசியா [b](1807–1812)
சுவீடன் [f](1809–1812)
Qajar dynasty [q](1804–1807, 1812–1813)
Co-belligerent
ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா[1] (பிரித்தானிய அமெரிக்கப் போர், 1812)
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தளபதிகள், தலைவர்கள் |
George III
George Prince of Wales, Prince Regent of the United Kingdom
William Pitt
Duke of Wellington
Horatio Nelson (கா.ம.)
John Moore (கா.ம.)
James Gambier
Robert Calder
Francis I
Archduke Charles
Prince von Schwarzenberg
Archduke John
Alexander I
Mikhail Kutuzov
Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
Count Bennigsen
Pyotr Bagration †
Frederick William III
Gebhard von Blücher
Duke of Brunswick †
Prince of Hohenlohe
Charles IV
Ferdinand VII
Miguel de Álava
Maria I
John Prince of Brazil, Prince Regent of Portugal
![பெரிய பிரித்தானியா மற்றும் அயர்லாந்தின் ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png) William Beresford
Miguel Pereira Forjaz
Gustav IV Adolf
Charles XIII
Charles John, Prince Regent of Sweden[o]
William, Prince of Orange
வார்ப்புரு:நாட்டுத் தகவல் Kingdom of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel I
Ferdinand III
Pius VII
Ferdinand IV
Louis XVIII
Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel†
Maximilian I Joseph
Karl Philipp von Wrede
Charles Alten
Frederick I
Frederick William, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg
Andreas Hofer
Alois von Reding
Petar I Petrović-Njegoš
| Napoleon I
Louis Alexandre Berthier
Joachim Murat
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Jean Lannes †
André Masséna
Michel Ney
Jean-de-Dieu Soult
Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt
Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte
Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
Jean-Baptiste Bessières †
Bon Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier
Jean-Andoche Junot
Claude Victor
Jacques MacDonald
Nicolas Charles Oudinot
Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont
Louis Gabriel Suchet
Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
Pierre Cambronne
Emmanuel de Grouchy
Joseph I[p]
Louis I
Prince Poniatowski †
Jan Henryk Dąbrowski
வார்ப்புரு:நாட்டுத் தகவல் Napoleonic Italy Eugène de Beauharnais
Felice Baciocchi
வார்ப்புரு:நாட்டுத் தகவல் Napoleonic Italy Louis I
Joachim Murat
Jerome I
Maximilian I
Karl Philipp von Wrede
Frederick Augustus I
Frederick I
Charles XIII
Charles John, Prince Regent of Sweden[o]
Frederick VI
Prince Christian August of Augustenburg
Ernst Peymann
Fath Ali Shah Qajar
Abbas Mirza
Muhammad Ali Pasha
Mustafa IV
Mahmud II
Selim III
Ali Pasha
ஜேம்ஸ் மாடிசன்
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இழப்புகள் |
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3,350,000 to 6,500,000 – see full list
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- ^ The term "Austrian Empire" came into use after Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804, whereby புனித ரோமப் பேரரசின் இரண்டாம் பிரான்சிஸ் took the title Emperor of Austria (Kaiser von Österreich) in response. The புனித உரோமைப் பேரரசு was dissolved in 1806, and consequently "Emperor of Austria" became Francis' primary title. For this reason, "Austrian Empire" is often used instead of "Holy Roman Empire" for brevity's sake when speaking of the Napoleonic Wars, even though the two entities are not synonymous.
- ^ Both Austria and Prussia briefly became allies of France and contributed forces to the French invasion of Russia in 1812.
- ^ Russia became an ally of France following the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807. The alliance broke down in 1810, which led to the French invasion in 1812. During that time Russia waged war against Sweden (1808–1809) and the Ottoman Empire (1806–1812), and nominally against Britain (1807–1812).
- ^ Spain was an ally of France until a stealthy French invasion in 1808, then fought France in the Peninsular War.
- ^ Sicily remained in personal union with Naples until Naples became a French client-republic following the Battle of Campo Tenese in 1806.
- ^ Nominally, Sweden declared war against the United Kingdom after its defeat by Russia in the Finnish War (1808–1809).
- ^ Napoleon established the Duchy of Warsaw, ruled by the Kingdom of Saxony in 1807. Polish Legions had already been serving in the French armies beforehand.
- ^ The French Empire annexed the Kingdom of Holland in 1810. Dutch troops fought against Napoleon during the Hundred Days in 1815.
- ^ The French Empire annexed the Kingdom of Etruria in 1807.
- ^ The Kingdom of Naples, briefly allied with Austria in 1814, allied with France again and fought against Austria during the Neapolitan War in 1815.
- ^ Sixteen of France's allies among the German states (including Bavaria and Württemberg) established the ரைன் கூட்டமைப்பு in July 1806 following the Battle of Austerlitz (December 1805). Following the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt (October 1806), various other German states that had previously fought alongside the anti-French allies, including Saxony and Westphalia, also allied with France and joined the Confederation. Saxony changed sides again in 1813 during the Battle of Leipzig, causing most other member-states to quickly follow suit and declare war on France.
- ^ Denmark-Norway remained neutral until the Battle of Copenhagen (1807). Denmark was compelled to cede Norway to Sweden by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. Following a brief Swedish campaign against Norway, Norway entered a personal union with Sweden.
- ^ The Ottoman Empire fought against Napoleon in the French Campaign in Egypt and Syria as part of the பிரெஞ்சுப் புரட்சிப் போர்கள். During the Napoleonic era of 1803 to 1815, the Empire participated in two wars against the Allies: against Britain in the Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809) and against Russia in the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812). However, Russia was allied with Napoleon 1807–1812.
- ^ These four states were the leading nations of the Confederation,but the Confederation was made up of a total of 43 principalities, kingdoms, and duchies.
- ^ Was a commander for the French Empire, as Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, 1804–1810.
- ^ Joseph Bonaparte ruled as Joseph I of Naples and Sicily from 30 March 1806 to 6 June 1808, and of Spain from 8 June 1808 to 11 December 1813. He also served as a French commander before and after these two reigns.
- ^ Qajar dynasty fought against Russia from 1804–1813; the Russians were allied with Napoleon 1807–1812.
- ^ Kingdom of Hungary participated in the war with separate Hungarian regiments[2][3] in the Imperial and Royal Army (the "royal" part has referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary since 1745) and also by a traditional army ("insurrectio").[4] The Hungarian Diet voted to join in war and agreed to pay one third of the war expenses. It also authorized the crown to recruit soldiers in Hungary. Francis I ruled the country as King of Hungary because Hungary was only formally part of the Empire of Austria. The kingdom was regnum independens, a separate Land as Article X of 1790 stipulated.[5] His new title (Emperor of Austria) did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary according to the Hungarian Diet and the proclamation of Francis I in a rescript, thus the country was part of the other Lands of the empire largely through the monarch.
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மூடு
James R. Arnold: Napoleon Conquers Austria: The 1809 Campaign for Vienna, ABC-Clio, 2003 The Austrian Imperial-Royal Army (Kaiserliche-Königliche Heer) 1805 – 1809:
The Hungarian Royal Army Todd Fisher: The Napoleonic Wars: The Empires Fight Back 1808-1812, Oshray Publishing, 2001 Robert Vaughan: The Case of Hungary, The British Quarterly Review, Volume 14, London, 1851