SH
All
Articles
Dictionary
Quotes
Map

Wikiwand ❤️ Wikipedia

PrivacyTerms
Karnozin

Karnozin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Karnozin
ReferenceLiteraturaSpoljašnje veze

Karnozin (beta-alanil-L-histidin) je dipeptid sastavljen od dve aminokiseline: beta-alanina i histidina. U velikim koncentracijama ga ima u mišićima i moždanom tkivu.[7]

Kratke činjenice Identifikacija, Svojstva ...
Karnozin[1]
IUPAC ime
Drugi nazivi β-Alanil-L-histidin
Identifikacija
CAS registarski broj 305-84-0 DaY
PubChem[2][3] 439224
ChemSpider[4] 388363 DaY
UNII 8HO6PVN24W DaY
KEGG[5] C00386
ChEBI 57485
ChEMBL[6] CHEMBL242948 DaY
Jmol-3D slike Slika 1
Slika 2
Svojstva
Molekulska formula C9H14N4O3
Molarna masa 226.23 g mol−1
Agregatno stanje Kristalna materija
Tačka topljenja

253 °C, 526 K, 487 °F (razlaže se)

 DaY (šta je ovo?)   (verifikuj)

Ukoliko nije drugačije napomenuto, podaci se odnose na standardno stanje (25 °C, 100 kPa) materijala

Infobox references
Zatvori

Karnozin i karnitin je otkrio ruski biohemičar Vladimir Sergejević Gulević. Istraživači u Britaniji, Južnoj Koreji, Rusiji i drugim zemljama su dokazali da karnozin ima brojne blagotvorne antioksidativne osobine. Dokazano je da karnozin izbacuje reaktivne vrste kiseonik a (ROS) kao i alfa-beta nezasićene aldehide, nastale peroksidacijom masnih kiselina ćelijskih membrana tokom oksidativnog stresa.

Karnozin može da se suprotstavi glikaciji, takođe je sposoban da helira dvovalentne jone metala. Pretpostavka je da hronična glikoliza ubrzava starenje. Otkriveno je da karnozin inhibira dijabetičnu nefropatiju štiteći podocite i mezangijalne ćelije. Proizvodi koji sadrže karnozin se koriste i u preparatima za smanjivanje bora na koži.

Neka istraživanja su otkrila blagotvorne efekte N-acetilkarnozina u prevenciji i lečenju katarakte očiju; jedno istraživanje je otkrilo da karnozin smanjuje maglovitost sočiva oka pacova koji su bili izloženi gvanidinu radi izazivanja katarakte.[8] Međutim, iako pozitivni rezultati postoje, tvrdnje da karnozin izaziva ove i druge oftalmološke koristi su, za sada, nedovoljno podržane (od strane zvanične farmaceutske industrije) da bi bili odobreni od strane matičnih medicinskih zajednica.

Studija iz 2001. godine utvrdila je da karnozin poboljšava socijalizaciju i receptivni rečnik dece sa autizmom.[9] U životinjskim modelima, suplementirani karnozin može da poveća nivoe kortikosterona, koji može da objasni hiperaktivnost ispoljenu kod većih doza. Međutim, gore navedena studija koristila je karnozin ubrizgavan u piliće intracerebroventrikularno, dok kod ljudi još uvek nije primećen povećan nivo kortikosterona.

Kod životinjskih modela utvrđeno je da karnozin usporava rast raka i štiti od oksidativnog stresa izazvanog alkoholom, kao i hronična oštećenja jetre uzrokovana etanolom. Karnozin je takođe neuro zaštitnik protiv trajne cerebralne ishemije kod miševa. Karnozin može da poveća Hejflik limit kod ljudskih fibroblasta, a čini se i da smanjuje stopu skraćivanja telomera. Karnozin se takođe smatra zaštitnikom protiv starenja.[10] Pošto se prefiks karno- odnosi na meso (izvor pomenut gore) za tipične vegetarijanske dijete se smatra da im nedostaje karnozina.

Kliničko ispitivanje profesora Vanga i dr. pod nazivom „Upotreba karnozina kao prirodnog leka protiv starenja ljudi“ sprovedena je na 96 pacijenata sa raznličitim stepenima katarakte, i pokazala je 80% uspešnosti kod uznapredovalih katarakti, i 100% kod pacijenata sa blagim do umerenim kataraktama, tokom 6 meseci probnog perioda.

Karnozinemija, ili nedostatak karnozina ili nedostatak aminoacil-histidin dipeptida, je redak autozomno- recesivan metabolički poremećaj, koji izaziva nedostatak karnozinaze, vrste dipeptidaze (enzima koji deli dipeptide u njihova dva aminokiselniska konstituenta). Ovaj poremećaj dovodi do povećanja karnozina u urinu, likvoru, krvi i nervnom sistemu. Neurološki poremećaji povezani sa nedostatkom karnozina, i rezultirajućom karnozinemijom (“karnozin u krvi”) su česti.

  1. [1]
    „C9625 L-Carnosine ~99%, crystalline”. Sigma-Aldrich.
  2. [2]
    Li Q, Cheng T, Wang Y, Bryant SH (2010). „PubChem as a public resource for drug discovery.”. Drug Discov Today 15 (23-24): 1052-7. DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2010.10.003. PMID 20970519. edit
  3. [3]
    Evan E. Bolton, Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, Stephen H. Bryant (2008). „Chapter 12 PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities”. Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry 4: 217-241. DOI:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1.
  4. [4]
    Hettne KM, Williams AJ, van Mulligen EM, Kleinjans J, Tkachenko V, Kors JA. (2010). „Automatic vs. manual curation of a multi-source chemical dictionary: the impact on text mining”. J Cheminform 2 (1): 3. DOI:10.1186/1758-2946-2-3. PMID 20331846. edit
  5. [5]
    Joanne Wixon, Douglas Kell (2000). „Website Review: The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes — KEGG”. Yeast 17 (1): 48–55. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0061(200004)17:1<48::AID-YEA2>3.0.CO;2-H.
  6. [6]
    Gaulton A, Bellis LJ, Bento AP, Chambers J, Davies M, Hersey A, Light Y, McGlinchey S, Michalovich D, Al-Lazikani B, Overington JP. (2012). „ChEMBL: a large-scale bioactivity database for drug discovery”. Nucleic Acids Res 40 (Database issue): D1100-7. DOI:10.1093/nar/gkr777. PMID 21948594. edit
  7. [7]
    „Karnozin EXTRA”. carnomed.rs/. 2013. Pristupljeno 4. 7. 2013.[mrtav link]
  8. [8]
    „Katarakta i glaukom”. karnozin.rs. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2015-02-20. Pristupljeno 4. 7. 2013.
  9. [9]
    „Poremećaji autističnog spektra”. karnozin.rs. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2015-02-20. Pristupljeno 4. 7. 2013.
  10. [10]
    „Karnozin za dugovečnost”. karnozin.rs. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2015-02-19. Pristupljeno 4. 7. 2013.
  1. Abe H. Role of Histidine-Related Compounds as Intracellular Proton Buffering Constituents in Vertebrate Muscle. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000;65:7
  2. Aime S, Digilio G, Bruno E, et al. Modulation of the antioxidant activity of HO* scavengers by albumin binding: a 19F-NMR study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003;307(4): 962-6.
  3. Aldini G, Orioli M, Carini M et al. Profiling histidine-containing dipeptides in rat tissues by liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom. 2004 Dec;39(12):1417-28.
  4. An J, Stadnicka A, Kwok WM, Bosnjak ZJ. Contribution of reactive oxygen species to isoflurane-induced sensitization of cardiac sarcolemmal adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel to pinacidil. Anesthesiology. 2004;100(3):575-80.
  5. Argirova M, Argirov O. Related Articles,Links Inhibition of ascorbic acid-induced modifications in lens proteins by peptides. J Pept Sci. 2003;9(3):170-6.
  6. Aerts L, Van Assche FA. Low taurine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and carnosine levels in plasma of diabetic pregnant rats: consequences for the offspring. J Perinat Med. 2001;29(1):81-4.
  7. Alaghband-Zadeh J, Mehdizadeh S, Khan NS, et al. The natural substrate for nitric oxide synthase activity. Cell Biochem Funct. 2001;19(4):277-80.
  8. Aldini G, Carini M, Beretta G, et al. Carnosine is a quencher of 4-hydroxy-nonenal: through what mechanism of reaction? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002a;298(5):699-706.
  9. Aldini G, Granata P, Carini M. Detoxification of cytotoxic alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes by carnosine: characterization of conjugated adducts by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and detection by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in rat skeletal muscle. J Mass Spectrom. 2002b;37(12):1219-28.
  10. Antipov AD, Tiurin VA, Avrova NF, et al. [Protection of the monoamine oxidase in brain synaptosomes by fat- and water-soluble antioxidants during lipid peroxidation] Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1989b;107(2):169-71.
  11. Arakawa T, Satoh H, Nakamura A, et al. Effects of zinc L-carnosine on gastric mucosal and cell damage caused by ethanol in rats. Correlation with endogenous prostaglandin E2. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:559–66.
  12. Babizhayev MA et al. Efficacy of N-acetylcarnosine in the treatment of cataracts. Drugs R&D 2002; 3(2): 87-103.
  13. Babizhayev MA et al. N-Acetylcarnosine, a natural histidine-containing dipeptide, as a potent ophthalmic drug in treatment of human cataracts. Peptides (An International Journal) 2001, 22(6): 979-994 (USA).
  14. Babizhayev MA, Yermakova VN, Deyev AI and Seguin M-C. Imidazole-containing peptidomimetic NACA as a potent drug for the medicinal treatment of age-related cataract in humans. J Anti-Aging Mecicine 2000; 3, 43-62.
  15. Babizhayev MA, Yermakova VN, Semiletov Yu A and Deyev AI The natural histidinecontaining dipeptide N-acetylcarnosine as an antioxidant for ophthalmic use. Biochemistry (Moscow). 2000;65, 588-598.
  16. Babizhayev MA, Yermakova VN, Sakina NL, Evstigneeva RP, Rozhkova EA and Zheltukhina GA N-Acetylcarnosine is a prodrug of L-carnosine in ophthalmic application as antioxidant. Clin Chim Acta 1996;254, 1-21.
  17. Babizhayev MA, Bozzo Costa E. Composizioni farmaceutiche contenenti N-acetilcarnosina per il trattamento della cataratta. A61K gruppo 37/00 cap 20122 MI 15.10.1993. Italian Patent.
  18. Babizhayev MA, Bozzo Costa E. Pharmaceutical compositions containing NAcetylcarnosine for the treatment of cataract. European Patent PCT/EP 94/03340 10.10.1994 Ref. SCB 238 PCT.
  19. Babizhayev MA, Seguin M-C, Gueyene J, Evstigneeva RP, Ageyeva EA and Zheltukhina GA. L-Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and carcinine (beta-alanylhistamine) act as natural antioxidants with hydroxylradical-scavenging and lipid peroxidase activities. Biochem J 1994;304,509-516.
  20. Babizhayev MA. Antioxidant activity of L-carnosine, a natural histidine-containing dipeptide in crystalline lens. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;1004,363-371.
  21. Babizhayev MA and Deyev AI. Lens opacity induced by lipid peroxidation products as a model of cataract associated with retinal disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;1004, 124-133.
  22. Babizhayev MA and Deyev AI. Free radical oxidation of lipid and thiol groups in genesis of cataract. Biophysics (Biofizika) 1986;31, 119-125, Pergamon Journals Ltd.
  23. Babizhayev MA, Deyev AI and Linberg LF Lipid peroxidation as a possible cause of cataract. Mech Ageing Dev 1988;44, 69-89.
  24. Bharadwaj LA, Davies GF, Xavier IJ, Ovsenek N. L-carnosine and verapamil inhibit hypoxia-induced expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1 alpha) in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Pharmacol Res. 2002;45(3):175-181.
  25. Baran EJ. Metal complexes of carnosine. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000;65(7):789-97.
  26. Baslow MH. Function of the N-acetyl-L-histidine system in the vertebrate eye. Evidence in support of a role as a molecular water pump. J Mol Neurosci, 1998, 10(3), 193-208.
  27. Baslow MH, Suckow RF, Berg MJ, et al. Differential expression of carnosine, homocarnosine and N-acetyl-L-histidine hydrolytic activities in cultured rat macroglial cells. J Mol Neurosci. 2001;17(3):351-9.
  28. Bayer AU, Keller ON, Ferrari F, Maag KP. Association of glaucoma with neurodegenerative diseases with apoptotic cell death: Alzheimer‘s disease and Parkinson‘s disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133(1):135-7.
  29. Baynes JW, Thorpe SR. Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a ne w perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes 1999;48 (1) 1-9,
  30. Boldyrev AA. Problems and Perspectives in Studying the Biological Role of Carnosine. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000;65:7
  31. Boldyrev A. Carnosine as a modulator of endogenous Zn(2+) effects. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2001;22(3):112-3.
  32. Boldyrev A, Abe H. Metabolic transformation of neuropeptide carnosine modifies its biological activity. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1999;19(1):163-75. Review.
  33. Boldyrev AA, Gallant SC, Suhkich GT. Carnosine, the protective, anti-aging peptide. Biosci Rep, 1999, 19(6), 581-7.
  34. Boldyrev A, Bulygina E, Leinsoo T, et al. Protection of neuronal cells against reactive oxygen species by carnosine and related compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;137(1):81-8.
  35. Boldyrev AA, Johnson P, Wei Y, et al. Carnosine and taurine protect rat cerebellar granular cells from free radical damage. Neurosci Lett. 1999;263(2-3):169-72. 32 33
  36. Boldyrev AA, Yuneva MO, Sorokina EV et al. Antioxidant systems in tissues of senescence accelerated mice. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2001;66(10):1157-63.
  37. Boldyrev AA, Dupin AM, Bunin AYa, Babizhayev MA and Severin SE. The antioxidative properties of carnosine, a natural histidine containing dipeptide.Biochem Intern 15/6, 1987;1105-1113.
  38. Boldyrev A, Koudinov A, Berezov T, Carpenter DO. Amyloid-beta induced cell death is independent of free radicals. J Alzheimers Dis. 2004;6(6):633-8.
  39. Bonfanti L, Peretto P, De Marchis S et al. Carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol. 1999 Nov;59(4):333-53. Review.
  40. Bringold F, Serrano M. Tumor suppressors and oncogenes in cellular senescence. Exp Gerontol. 2000; 35(3):317-29.
  41. Brownson C, Hipkiss AR. Carnosine reacts with a glycated protein. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000;28(10):1564-70.
  42. Burcham PC, Kuhan YT. Diminished susceptibility to proteolysis after protein modification by the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde: inhibitory role for crosslinked and noncrosslinked adducted proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1997; 340(2):331-7.
  43. Burcham PC, Fontaine F. Extensive protein carbonylation precedes acrolein-mediated cell death in mouse hepatocytes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2001;15(6):309-16.
  44. Burcham PC, Kerr PG, Fontaine F. The antihypertensive hydralazine is an efficient scavenger of acrolein. Redox Rep. 2000;5(1):47-9.
  45. Burcham PC, Kaminskas LM, Fontaine FR et al. Aldehyde-sequestering drugs: tools for studying protein damage by lipid peroxidation products. Toxicology. 2002;181-182:229-36.
  46. Campisi J. Aging and cancer: the double-edged sword of replicative senescence. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997; 45(4):482-8.
  47. Campisi J. The role of cellular senescence in skin aging. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1998; 3(1):1-5.
  48. Campisi J. Cancer, aging and cellular senescence. In Vivo. 2000; 14(1):183-8.
  49. Campisi J, Leem TH, Fleshner M. Acute stress decreases inflammation at the site of infection. A role for nitric oxide. Physiol Behav. 2002;77(2-3):291-9.
  50. Carlsen CU, Kroger-Ohlsen M, Lund MN et al. Antioxidant properties of carnosine reevaluated in a ferrylmyoglobin model system and in cooked pork patties. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(24):7164-8.
  51. Chace KV, Carubelli R, Nordquist RE. The role of nonenzymatic glycosylation, transition metals, and free radicals in the formation of collagen aggregates. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991;288(2):473-80
  52. Checler F, da Costa CA, Ancolio K, et al. Role of the proteasome in Alzheimer‘s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000; 1502(1):133-8.
  53. Chen Y, Ho CT. Effects of carnosine on volatile generation from Maillard reaction of ribose and cysteine. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(8):2372-6.
  54. Chez MG, Buchanan CP, Aimonovitch MC, Becker M, Schaefer K, Black C, Komen J. Double-blind, placebocontrolled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. J Child Neurol. 2002 Nov;17(11):833-7.
  55. Ciechanover A, Schwartz AL. Ubiquitin-mediated degradation of cellular proteins in health and disease. Hepatology. 2002;35(1):3-6. Review.
  56. Cho CH, Ogle CW. A correlative study of the antiulcer effects of zinc sulphate in stressed rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1978;48:97–105.
  57. Coddou C, Morales B, Huidobro-Toro JP. Neuromodulator role of zinc and copper during prolonged ATP applications to P2X4 purinoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003;472(1-2):49-56.
  58. Damon BM, Hsu AC, Stark HJ, Dawson MJ. The carnosine C-2 proton‘s chemical shift reports intracellular pH in oxidative and glycolytic muscle fibers. Magn Reson Med. 2003;49(2):233-40.
  59. Decker EA, Livisay SA, Zhou S. Re-evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Purified Carnosine. Review. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000;65:7
  60. Decker EA, Ivanov V, Zhu BZ, Frei B. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by carnosine histidine. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(1):511-6.
  61. Dimri GP, Lee X, Basile G, et al. A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92(20):9363-7.
  62. Dukic-Stefanovic S, Schinzel R, Riederer P, Munch G. AGES in brain ageing: AGEinhibitors as neuroprotective and anti-dementia drugs? Biogerontology. 2001;2(1):19-34. Review.
  63. Dunnett M, Harris RC. Influence of oral beta-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius. Equine Vet J Suppl. 1999;30:499-504.
  64. Dunnett M, Harris RC, Dunnett CE, Harris PA. Plasma carnosine concentration: diurnal variation and effects of age, exercise and muscle damage. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2002;(34): 283-7.
  65. Dupin AM, Stvolinskii SL. [Changes in carnosine levels in muscles working in different regimens of stimulation] Biokhimiia. 1986;51(1):160-4. Russian.
  66. Dutka TL, Lamb GD. Effect of carnosine on excitation-concentration coupling in mechanically-skinned rat skelatl muscle. Journal of muscle reasearch and cell motiliy. 2004;25:203–213
  67. Dzielska-Olczak M, Graczyk-Wojciechowska J, Pakulska W, Zieba R. Influence of doxorubicin and carnosine on the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in rabbits. Acta Pol Pharm. 2004;61 Suppl:56-8
  68. Fedorova TN, Stvolinsky SL, Bagiyeva GH et al. Neurodegenerative alterations induced by MPTP neurotoxin in senescence accelerated mice essay. Usp Fiziol Nauk. 2005 Apr-Jun; 36(2):94-101. Russian.
  69. Ferraris R. P., Diamond J., Kwan W. W. Dietary regulation of intestinal transport of the dipeptide carnosine. Am. J. Physiol. 1988;255:G143-G150.
  70. Fontaine FR, Dunlop RA, Petersen DR, Burcham PC. Oxidative bioactivation of crotyl alcohol to the toxic endogenous aldehyde crotonaldehyde: association of protein carbonylation with toxicity in mouse hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol. 2002;15(8):1051-8.
  71. Ford HL, Pardee AB. Cancer and the cell cycle. J Cell Biochem. 1999; Suppl 32-33:166-72.
  72. Fujii T, Takaoka M, Tsuruoka N, Kiso Y, Tanaka T, Matsumura Y.Dietary supplementation of L-carnosine prevents ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Feb;28(2):361-3
  73. Gallant S, Semyonova M, Yuneva M. Carnosine as a potential anti-senescence drug. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000l;65(7):866-8.
  74. Gallant S, Kukley M, Stvolinsky S et al. Effect of carnosine on rats under experimental brain ischemia. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2000 Jun;191(2):85-99.
  75. Gamez Navarro HA. Calcio y enfermedades cardiovascular. Med Crit Venez 2000;15:17-23.
  76. Gariballa SE, Sinclair, AJ. Carnosine: physiological properties and therapeutic potential. Age and Aging, 2000, 29: 207-210.
  77. Grune T, Reinheckel T, Davies KJ. Degradation of oxidized proteins in mammalian cells. FASEB J. 1997; 11(7):526-34.
  78. Gugliucci A. A practical method to study functional impairment of proteins by glycation and effects of inhibitors using current coagulation/fibrinolysis reagent kits. Clin Biochem. 2003;36(2):155-8.
  79. Gulewitch W, Amiradgibi S. Ber. Dtsch Chem. Ges. 1900;33;1902-1903 80. Halliwell B.Gutteridge, JMC. (1999) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press, Oxford- N. Y.
  80. Handa O, Yoshida N, Tanaka Y et al.Inhibitory effect of polaprezinc on the inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori. Can J Gastroenterol. 2002;16(11):785-9.
  81. Harding J, Margolis FL. Denervation in the primary olfactory pathway of mice. III. Effect on enzymes of carnosine metabolism. Brain Res. 1976 Jul 9;110(2):351-60.
  82. Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1965; 37:614-36.
  83. Hayflick L, Moorhead PS. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1961; 25:585-621.
  84. Hershko A. Roles of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in cell cycle control. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1997; 9(6):788-99.
  85. Hipkiss AR. Is carnosine a naturally occurring suppressor of oxidative damage in olfactory neurones? Rejuvenetion Research. 2004; Winter 7(4)253-255
  86. Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P, et al. Strategies for the extension of human life span. Perspect Hum Biol. 1995; 1:59-70.
  87. Hipkiss AR. Could carnosine be a naturally-occurring scavenger for acrolein and other reactive aldehydes in the brain? Neurobiol Aging. 2002;23(4):645-6.
  88. Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, et al. Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;959:285-94. Review.
  89. Hipkiss AR, Brownson C. A possible new role for the anti-aging peptide carnosine. Cell Mol Life Sci, 2000 a., 57 (5): 747-53.
  90. Hipkiss AR, Brownson C. Carnosine reacts with protein carbonyl groups: another possible role for the antiageing peptide? Biogerontology. 2000 b;1(3):217-23. Review.
  91. Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ. Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001;122(13):1431-45.
  92. Hipkiss AR. Biosynthesis, Release, and Uptake of Carnosine in Primary Cultures. Review. Biochemistry 34 35 (Mosc) 2000 c;65:7
  93. Hipkiss AR. et al. Protective effects of carnosine against MDA-induced toxicity towards cultured rat brain endothelial cells. Neuroscience Letters. 1997. 135-138.
  94. Hipkiss AR et al. Protective effects of carnosine against protein modification mediated by malondialdehyde and hypochlorite. Bioch Biophys Acta 1998, 1380;46- 54.
  95. Hirsch JD, Grillo M, Margolis FL. Ligand binding studies in the mouse olfactory bulb: identification and characterization of a L- [3H]carnosine binding site. Brain Res. 1978;158(2):407-22.
  96. Holden C. Alternative medicine. NIH trial to test chelation therapy. Science. 2002 Aug 16;297(5584):1109.
  97. Hollyday R, McFarland GA. A Role for Carnosine in Cellular Maintenance. Review Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000;65:7
  98. Holliday R, McFarland GA. Inhibition of the growth of transformed and neoplastic cells by the dipeptide carnosine. Br J Cancer. 1996 Apr;73(8):966-71.
  99. Horning MS, Blakemore LJ, Trombley PQ. Endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection: role of zinc, copper, and carnosine. Brain Res. 2000;852(1):56-61.
  100. Liisa Hurmeen Liisa Acetaldehyde-induced changes of hemoglobin and immune response against protein acetaldehyde adducts. Väitöskirja. 1996. Kansanterveyslaitoksen A-sarja.
  101. Jackson MC, Lenney JF. The distribution of carnosine and related dipeptides in rat and human tissues. Inflamm Res 1996, 45(3): 132-5.
  102. Jin M, Otaka M, Watanabe S. [New therapeutic approaches to peptic ulcer using mucosal protective agents] Nippon Rinsho. 2002;60 Suppl 2:377-81. Review.
  103. Kang JH, Eum WS. Enhanced oxidative damage by the familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated Cu,Zn- superoxide dismutase mutants. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 Dec 15;1524(2-3):162-70.
  104. Kang JH, Kim KS, Choi SY et al. Carnosine and related dipeptides protect human ceruloplasmin against peroxyl radical-mediated modification. Mol Cells. 2002;13(3): 498-502.
  105. Kang KS, Yun JW, Lee YS. Protective effect of L-carnosine against 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetateor hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis on v-myc transformed rat liver epithelial cells. Cancer Lett. 2002 Apr 8;178(1):53-62.
  106. Kang JH, Kim KS, Choi SY et al. Protection by carnosine-related dipeptides against hydrogen peroxidemediated ceruloplasmin modification. Mol Cells. 2002 a.;13(1):107-12.
  107. Kang JH, Kim KS. Enhanced oligomerization of the alpha-synuclein mutant by the Cu, Znsuperoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide system. Mol Cells. 2003 Feb 28;15(1):87-93.
  108. Kashimura H, Suzuki K, Hassan M, et al. Polaprezinc, a mucosal protective agent, in combination with lansoprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin increases the cure rate of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999;13:483–7.
  109. Katayama S, Ohshita J, Sugaya K. New medicinal treatment for severe gingivostomatitis. Int J Mol Med 1998;2:675–9.
  110. Keane F, O‘Cuinn G. Two broad-specificity dipeptide hydrolysing activities from cytoplasm of guinea pig brain, both of which contain prolinase but neither of which contain carnosinase activity. Neurosci Res. 2002 b.; 44(1):111-20.
  111. Keller JN, Hanni KB, Markesbery WR. Impaired proteasome function in Alzheimer‘s disease. J Neurochem. 2000; 75:436-9.
  112. Khaspekov LG, Klyushnik TP, Dupin AM et al.. Protective effect of Biolan during ischemic damages to cultured cerebellar granular cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002;133(2):136-8.
  113. Kim KS, Choi SY, Kwon HY, et al. The ceruloplasmin and hydrogen peroxide system induces alpha-synuclein aggregation in vitro. Biochimie. 2002;84(7):625-31.
  114. Kivikari Riitta. Buffering capacity of meat. Väitöskirja 1997, Helsingin yliopisto, ETK-sarja.
  115. Klebanov GI, Teselkin YuO, Babenkova IV et al. Evidence for a direct interaction of superoxide anion radical with carnosine. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1997;43(1):99-106.
  116. Klebanov GI, Teselkin YO, Babenkova IV. Effect of carnosine and its components on freeradical reactions. Membr Cell Biol 1998;12:89–99.
  117. Kohen R, Yamamoto Y, Cundy KC, Ames BN. Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain. . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988 May; 85(9): 3175-3179
  118. Kudriashov IB, Deev LI, Goncharenko EN, et al. [Radioprotective properties of carnosine] Radiats Biol Radioecol 1999;39:268–71 [in Russian].
  119. Kynazis M. 1999. Data on file.
  120. Lee JW, Miyawaki H, Bobst EV, et al. Improved functional recovery of ischemic rat hearts due to singlet oxygen scavengers histidine and carnosine. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999;31:113–21
  121. Lee YT, Hsu CC, Lin MH, et al. Histidine and carnosine delay diabetic deterioration in mice and protect human low density lipoprotein against oxidation and glycation. European Journal of Pharmacology 2005;513(1-2):145-50
  122. Liu Y, Xu G, Sayre LM. Carnosine Inhibits (E)-4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal-Induced Protein Cross-Linking: Structural Characterization of Carnosine-HNE Adducts(1). Chem Res Toxicol. 2003 Dec;16(12):1589-97.
  123. Lovell MA, Xie C, Markesbery WR. Acrolein is increased in Alzheimer‘s disease brain and is toxic to primary hippocampal cultures. Neurobiol Aging 2001;22(2):187-94.
  124. MacFarlane N, McMurray J, O‘Dowd JJ, Dargie HJ, Miller DJ. Synergism of histidyl dipeptides as antioxidants. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1991;23(11):1205-7.
  125. McGinnis WR Oxidative stress in autism. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004 Nov-Dec;10(6): 22-36
  126. Maichuk UF, Formaziuk VE, Sergienko VI. Development of carnosine eyedrops and assessing their efficacy in corneal diseases. Vestn Oftalmol, 1997, 113(6): 27- 31.
  127. Marambaud P, Alves da Costa C, Ancolio K, et al. Alzheimer‘s disease-linked mutation of presenilin 2 (N141I-PS2) drastically lowers APPalpha secretion: control by the proteasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998; 252(1):134-8.
  128. Maynard LM, Boissonneault GA, Chow CK, Bruckner GG. High levels of dietary carnosine are associated with increased concentrations of carnosine and histidine in rat soleus muscle. J Nutr. 2001;131(2):287-90.
  129. Marchis SD, Modena C, Peretto P et al. Carnosine-related dipeptides in neurons and glia. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000;65(7):824-33.
  130. Margolis FL. Carnosine in the primary olfactory pathway. Science. 1974;184(139):909-11
  131. McFarland GA, Holliday R. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp Cell Res, 1994, 212(2): 167-75.
  132. McFarlandGA ,Holliday R. Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide I L–carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblast. Exp Gerontol 1999 34(l):35-45.
  133. Merker K, Sitte N, Grune T. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated protein oxidation in young and old human MRC-5 fibroblasts. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000; 375(1):50-4.
  134. Miller DJ, O‘Dowd A. Vascular smooth muscle actions of carnosine as its zinc complex are mediated by histamine H(1) and H(2) receptors. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000 Jul;65(7): 798-806. Review.
  135. Mozdzan M, Szemraj J, Rysz J, Nowak D. Antioxidant properties of carnosine reevaluated with oxidizing systems involving iron and copper ions. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2005 May;96(5):352-60.
  136. Munch G, Mayer S, Michaelis J, et al. Influence of advanced glycation end-products and AGE-inhibitors on nucleation-dependent polymerization of beta-amyloid peptide. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1997; 1360(1):17-29.
  137. Nagai K, Suda T, Kawasaki K, Yamaguchi Y. Effects of L-carnosine on blood cells and biomembrane. Nippon Seirigaku Zasshi, 1990, 52(10): 339-44.
  138. Nagai K, Suda T. Immuno-enhancing actions of carnosine and homocarnosine. Nippon Seirigaku Zasshi, 1986a, 48 (11):735-40.
  139. Nagai K, Suda T; Realization of spontaneous healing function by carnosine. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmocol, 1988, 10(8): 497-507.
  140. Nagai K, Suda T. [Antineoplastic effects of carnosine and beta-alanine--physiological considerations of its antineoplastic effects] Nippon Seirigaku Zasshi. 1986;48(11):741-7. Japanese.
  141. Nagai K, Suda T, Kawasaki K, Mathuura S. Action of carnosine and beta-alanine on wound healing. Surgery. 1986b;100(5):815-21.
  142. Nagai K, Suda T, Kawasaki K, Yamaguchi Y. [Acceleration of metabolism of stressrelated substances by L-carnosine] Nippon Seirigaku Zasshi. 1990;52(7):221-8. Japanese.
  143. Nagasawa T, Yonekura T, Nishizawa N, Kitts DD. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of muscle lipid and protein oxidation by carnosine. Mol Cell Biochem. 2001;225(1-):29-34.
  144. Nevidimova TI, Prokopeva VD, Naidenova NN, Tyulina OV, Bokhan NA. Effect of carnosine on immunocompetent cells from alcoholic patients. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004 Sep; 138(3):255-8. English,
  145. Nguimfack Mbodie PC. [Do the glutamate excitotoxicity theory and potential free radicals implication in schizophrenia aetiopathogenesis provide a new enlightenment to links between: genome, environment and biology in the determinism of that disorder?] Encephale. 2002;28(2):147-53. 36 37
  146. Niijima A, Okui T, Matsumura Y, Yamano T, et al.Effects of L-carnosine on renal sympathetic nerve activity and DOCA-salt hypertension in rats. Auton Neurosci. 2002;97(2):99-102.
  147. Nikitenko Niu, Shavratskii VKh, Boldyrev AA et al. Effect of carnosine and its derivatives on ADP-induced human platelet aggregation. Vopr Med Khim, 1995, 41(1): 41-3.
  148. Nishiwaki H, Kato S, Sugamoto S, et al. Ulcerogenic and healing impairing actions of monochloramine in rat stomachs: effects of zinc L-carnosine, polaprezinc. J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;50:183–95.
  149. Nordsborg N, Mohr M, Pedersen LD, et al. Muscle interstitial potassium kinetics during intense exhaustive exercise – effect of previous arm exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 Mar 27.
  150. Odashima M, Otaka M, Jin M, et al. Induction of a 72-kDa heat-shock protein in cultured rat gastric mucosal cells and rat gastric mucosa by zinc L-carnosine. Dig Dis Sci. 2002 Dec;47(12):2799-804.
  151. O‘Dowd JJ, Robins DJ, Miller DJ. Detection, characterisation, and quantification of carnosine and other histidyl derivatives in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988;967(2):241-9.
  152. Otani H, Okumura N, Hashida-Okumura A, Nagai K. Identification and characterization of a mouse dipeptidase that hydrolyzes L-carnosine. J Biochem (Tokyo). 2005;137(2):167-75.Park Y. Brannan GD, Decker EA. Bioavailability of carnosine from beef. Session 30C, Food Chemistry: Proteins. 2002 Annual Meeting and Food Expo – Anaheim, California Park YJ, Volpe SL, Decker EA. Quantitation of Carnosine in Humans Plasma after Dietary Consumption of Beef. J Agric Food Chem. 2005 Jun 15;53(12):4736-4739. Pegova A, Abe H, Boldyrev A. Hydrolysis of carnosine and related compounds by mammalian carnosinases. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 2000;127(4):443-446. Peretto P, Luzzati F, Bonfanti L et al. Aminoacyl-histidine dipeptides in the glial cells of the adult rabbit forebrain. Peptides. 2000;21(11):1717-24. Petroff OA, Hyder F, Rothman DL, Mattson RH Homocarnosine and seizure control in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and complex partial seizures. Neurology. 2001;56(6):709-15. Petroff OA, Hyder F, Rothman DL et al. Effects of gabapentin on brain GABA, homocarnosine, and pyrrolidinone in epilepsy patients. Epilepsia. 2000;41(6):675-80.
  153. Petropoulos I, Conconi M, Wang X, et al. Increase of oxidatively modified protein is associated with a decrease of proteasome activity and content in aging epidermal cells. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000; 55(5):B220-7.
  154. Petruzzi E. The meat in the diet of aged subjects and the antioxidant effects of carnosine. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2002;35(Suppl):7-14. Preston JE, Hipkiss AR, Himsworth DT, et al. Toxic effects of B-amyloid on immortalised rat brain endothelial cell: protection by carnosine, homocarnosine and B-alanine. Neuroscience letters 1998, 242; 105-108.
  155. Prenesti E, Berto S, Daniele PG. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric characterization of copper(II) complexes with imidazole N-methyl derivatives of L-histidine in aqueous solution. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2003;59(1):201-7.
  156. Price DL, Rhett PM, Thorpe SR, et al. Chelating activity of advanced glycation endproduct inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(52):48967-72.
  157. Pubill D, Verdaguer E, Sureda FX, et al. Carnosine prevents methamphetamine-induced gliosis but not dopamine terminal loss in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;448(2-3):165-8.
  158. Quinn PL Boldyrev AA. Formaziuk VH. Carnosine: its properties, functions and potential therapeutic applications. Mol Aspects Mod, 1992, 13(5):379-444.
  159. Reddy VP, Garrett MR, Perry G, Smith MA. Carnosine: a versatile antioxidant and antiglycating agent. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2005 May 4;2005(18):pe12.
  160. Reinheckel T, Grune T, Davies KJ. The measurement of protein degradation in response to oxidative stress. Methods Mol Biol. 2000;99:49-60. Review.
  161. Reinhold JG, Kingsley GR. The chemical composition of voluntary muscle in muscle disease: A comparison of progressive muscular dystrophy with other diseases together with a study of effects of glycine and creatine therapy. J Clin Invest. 1938; 17(4): 377-383.
  162. Ririe DG, Roberts PR, Shouse MN, Zaloga GP. Vasodilatory actions of the dietary peptide carnosine. Nutrition. 2000 Mar;16(3):168-72. Roberts PR, Black KW, Santamauro JT. Dietary peptides improve wound healing following surgery. Nutrition, 1998, 14(3):266-9.
  163. Roberts PR, Zaloga GP. Cardiovascular effects of carnosine. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000 Jul;65(7):856-61. Review.
  164. Rubtsov AM. Molecular mechanisms of regulation of the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-release channels (ryanodine receptors), muscle fatigue, and Severin‘s phenomenon. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2001 Oct;66(10):1132-43. Review.
  165. Sajithlal GB, Chithra P, Chandrakasan G. Advanced glycation end products induce crosslinking of collagen in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1998; 1407(3):215-24.
  166. Sankarasubbaiyan S, Cooper C, Heilig CW. Identification of a novel form of renal glucosuria with overexcretion of arginine, carnosine, and taurine. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;37(5):1039-43.
  167. Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase activators: high affinity isozymes I, II, and IV activators, incorporating a beta-alanyl-histidine scaffold. J Med Chem. 2002;45(2): 284-91.
  168. Shao L, Li QH, Tan Z. l-Carnosine reduces telomere damage and shortening rate in cultured normal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Nov 12;324(2):931-6.
  169. Schmutte C, Fishel R. Genomic instability: first step to carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res. 1999; 19(6A):4665-96.
  170. Seidler NW, Yeargans GS. Effects of thermal denaturation on protein glycation. Life Sci. 2002 ;70(15):1789-99.
  171. Severina IS, Bussygina OG, Pyatakova NV. Carnosine as a Regulator of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase. Review. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000;65:7
  172. Shimizu M. Food-derived peptides and intestinal functions. Biofactors. 2004;21(1-4):43-7
  173. Sitte N, Merker K, von Zglinicki T, et al. Protein oxidation and degradation during proliferative senescence of human MRC-5 fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28(5): 701-8.
  174. Skulachev VP. Problems and Perspectives in Studying the Biological Role of Carnosin e (Introduction of the Guest-Editor) Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000;65:7
  175. Smythies J. Redox mechanisms at the glutamate synapse and their significance: a review. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;370(1):1-7. Review. Soliman K, El-Ansary A, Mohamed AM. Effect of carnosine administration on metabolic parameters in bilharzia-infected hamsters. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2001;129(1):157-64.
  176. Son DO, Satsu H, Kiso Y, Shimizu M. Characterization of carnosine uptake and its physiological function in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. Biofactors. 2004;21(1-4): 395-8.
  177. Stadtman ER, Levine RL.Protein Oxidation Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2000; 899(1): 191 – 208.
  178. Steinberg C, Notterman DA. Hemodynamic effects of carcinine in the anesthetized, instrumented, openchest rat. Crit Care Med. 1996;24(12):2042-5. Stuerenburg HJ. The roles of carnosine in aging of skeletal muscle and in neuromuscular diseases. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000 Jul;65(7):862-5. Review. Stuerenburg HJ, Kunze K; Concentrations of free carnosine (a putative membraneprotective antioxidant) in human muscle Biopsies and rat muscles. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 1999, 29: 107-113.
  179. Stvolinsky SL, Dobrota D. Anti-ischemic activity of carnosine. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000 Jul;65(7):849-55.Review.
  180. Stvolinsky S, Kukley M, Dobrota D. Carnosine protects rats under global ischemia. Brain Res Bull. 2000 Nov 1;53(4):445-8.
  181. Suh YH, Checler F. Amyloid precursor protein, presenilins, and alpha-synuclein: molecular pathogenesis and pharmacological applications in Alzheimer‘s disease. Pharmacol Rev. 2002 Sep;54(3):469-525. Sunderman FW Jr. Nasal toxicity, carcinogenicity, and olfactory uptake of metals. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2001;31(1):3-24. Review. Suslina ZA, Federova TN, Maksimova MIu et al. [Antioxidant therapy in ischemic stroke] Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2000;100(10):34-8
  182. Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K. High Level of Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Contributes to the Latter Half of Exercise Performance during 30-s Maximal Cycle Ergometer Sprinting. Jpn J Physiol. 2002;52(2):199-205.
  183. Tabakman R, Lazarovici P, Kohen R. Neuroprotective effects of carnosine and homocarnosine on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to ischemia. J Neurosci Res. 2002;68(4):463-9.
  184. Tameyasu T, Yamada M, Tanaka M, Takahashi S. Effect of zinc-carnosine chelate compound on muscle function in mdx mouse. Jpn J Physiol. 2002;52(1):111-20.
  185. Tan KM, Candlish JK. Carnosine and anserine as modulators of neutrophil function. Clin Lab Haematol, 1998, 20(4): 239-44.
  186. Tanida M, Niijima A, Fukuda Y, et al. Dose-dependent effects of L-carnosine on the renal sympathetic nerve and blood pressure in urethane-anesthetized rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004 Oct 21 Tarnha M, et al. Hydroxyl radical scavenging by carnosine and Cu(ii)-carm)sine complexes. Int J Radial Biol, 1999 75(9):1 177-1188.
  187. 189. Teufel M, Saudek V, Ledig JP et al. Sequence identification and characterization of human carnosinase and a closely related non- specific dipeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2002 Dec 6 [epub ahead of print] Click for „Free 38 39 full text“ in the abstract.
  188. Thiel R, Fowkes SW. Can cognitive deterioration associated with Down syndrome be reduced? Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(3):524-532.
  189. Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Role of the Maillard reaction in diabetes mellitus and diseases of aging. Drugs Aging 1996;9(2):69-77
  190. Toufektsian MC, Morel S, Tanguy S, et al. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in cardiac preconditioning in rats. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2003 Feb;5(1):115-22.
  191. Trombley PQ, Horning MS, Blakemore LJ. Interactions between carnosine and zinc and copper: implications for neuromodulation and neuroprotection. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2000 Jul;65(7):807-16. Review. Truitsina IE, Shabanov M, Chikunova BZ, et al.Characterization of the anti-ulcer effectiveness of carnosine. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter, 1997, 4: 17-20.
  192. Yamano T, Niijima A, Iimori S, et al. Effect of L-carnosine on the hyperglycemia caused by intracranial injection of 2-deoxy-D- glucose in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2001;313(1-2):78-82.
  193. Yeargans GS, Seidler NW. Carnosine promotes the heat denaturation of glycated protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Jan 3;300(1):75-80. Yuneva MO, Bulygina ER, Gallant SC et al. Effect of carnosine on age – induced changes in senescence-accelerated mice. J Anti-Aging Medicine, 2: 1999, 337-342.
  194. Zaloga GP, Robetrs PR, Nelson TE. Carnosine: A novel peptide regulator of intracalcium and contractility in cardiac muscle. New horizons, 1996;4:26-35
  195. Zaloga GP, Roberts PR, Black KW. et al. Carnosine is a novel peptide modulator of intracellular calcium and contractility in cardiac cells. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(1 Pt 2):H462-8.
  196. Zaloga GP, Siddiqui RA. Biologically active dietary peptides. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2004 Oct;4(8):815-21.
  197. West MD. The cellular and molecular biology of skin aging. Arch Dermatol. 1994; 130(1): 87-95.
Portal Hemija
  • MeSH Xaa-His+dipeptidase
  • Karnozin EXTRA Arhivirano 2013-10-24 na Wayback Machine-u
Edit in WikipediaRevision historyRead in Wikipedia

Wikiwand in your browser!

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.

Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.

Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.

Chrome
Wikiwand for Chrome
Edge
Wikiwand for Edge
Firefox
Wikiwand for Firefox

Reference

Literatura

Spoljašnje veze