Alvar Aalto

Hugo Alvar Henrik Alto (fin. Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto; Kourtane, 3. februar 1898 — Helsinki, 11. maj 1976) je bio finski arhitekta.

Alvar Alto
Alvar Alto
Informacije
Datum rođenja	3. februar 1898.
Mesto rođenja	Kourtane (Finska)
Datum smrti	11. maj 1976.
Mesto smrti	Helsinki (Finska)
Dela

Bio je profesor na Tehničkom institutu u Cambridgu (SAD). Jedan je od pionira moderne arhitekture, primenjivao prirodne materijale u skladu s tradicijom svoje zemlje. Pionir je evropske moderne arhitekture. Bio je poznat po svojoj koncepciji u okviru organske arhitekture. Njegov relativno najpoznatiji komad dizajna je „Alto-vazna“

Život

Alto-spratnica

Alto- kolica za čaj iz 1936.

Alto je studirao arhitekturu od 1916. – 1922. godine na Tehničkom univerzitetu u Helsinkiju. Njegov predavač bio je Armas Lindgren. Godine 1923. posle jednog studijskog puta po Evropi Alto je otvorio vlastiti arhitektonski biro u Jyväskyli koji je kasnije premestio u Turku. Godine 1928. bio je član „CIAM-a“ (Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne).

Bio je pod uticajem ideja nemačkog „Werkbunda“ koji je objedinjavao napredne umetnike i arhitekte u Nemačkoj i ideja umetničke škole Walter Gropiusa i Ludwig Mies van der Rohea, Bauhausa i njegovi napori su bili usmereni u smislu organske arhitekture u jednoj uskoj povezenosti sa idejama spoja zgrade i njene okoline čije principe je formulisao Frank Loyd Wright.

Godine 1933. bio je profesor za arhitekturu na Massachusetts institutu za tehnologiju u Cambridgu. Tu je sarađivao na izradi oko 200 projekata od kojih je polovina bila izvedena.

Alto je bio oženjen sa Aino Marsio koja je 1949. godine umrla i on se ponovo oženio sa mladom Elisom Makienemi. Njegove obe žene su crtale sa njim sve projekte.

Zgrade

Većinu projektovanih zgrada izveo je u Finskoj i SAD (Finska; biblioteke, pozorišta, robne kuće - SAD; studentski internat u Cambridgu) u svojim radovima se oprašta od geometrijskih konvencija i dolazi do ideja organske arhitekture.^[1]

Glavna zgrada Tehničkog univerziteta u Helsinkiju

Finlandija hala

Alto- Teatar u Esenu- ulazni deo zgrade

Alvar- Alto- zgrada kulture u Volfsburgu

• Zgrada redakcije časopisa „Turun Sanomat“, Turku 1929.
• Sanatorijum za bolesti tuberkuloze, Paimio 1933.
• Gradska biblioteka, Viborg (Rusija) 1927. – 1935.
• Restoran sa enterijerom „Ravintola Savoy“ Helsinki 1937.
• Finski paviljon za svetsku izložbu u Parizu 1937.
• Finski paviljon za svetsku izložbu u Njujorku 1939.
• Sportski centar i koncertnu dvoranu u Baču 1953.
• Finski paviljon za bijenale u Veneciji 1956.
• Zgradu kulture u Helsinkiju 1958.
• Crkva „Tri križa“ (“Kolme Ristia“) u Imatra u Finskoj 1958.
• Alto-spratnica (stambena zgrada) u Bremenu 1962.
• Kulturni centar u Leverkusenu 1962.
• Administrativna zgrada „Britisch Petroleum“ u Hamburgu 1964.
• Kuća severa Rejkjavik 1968.
• Finlandija hala Helsinki 1962. – 1971.
• Projektovao je i počeo sa izvođenjem Alto-Teatar; zgradu opere u Esenu koja je završena posle njegove smrti 1988.

Dizajn

• Alto-vazna
• Fotelja „Tank“ (tenk)
• Model Br. 31 ljuljajuća stolica sa rukohvatima 1930. – 1931.
• Model Br. 98, kolica za čaj 1935. – 1936.

Povezano

• Organska arhitektura

Izvori

1. Priručni slovnik naučni ČS Akademia vied, Praha 1966.

Literatura

• Udo Kuterman, Savremena arhitektura, Novi Sad, 1971.
• Aalto, Alvar (1998). Alvar Aalto in His Own Words. Helsinki, Finland: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847820801.
• Alvar Aalto Museum (2011). „Alvar Aalto Museo” [Alvar Aalto Museum]. www.alvaraalto.fi.
• Anon (2014). „Honorary Doctors” (Norwegian). NTNU. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-09-10. Pristupljeno 10 September 2014.
• Anon (2014a). „Coolhaus menu”. Coolhaus Gourmet Desert. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2014-10-30. Pristupljeno 29 October 2014.
• Anon (2013). Architecture.sk „Alvar Aalto : architect biography”. architect.architecture.sk.
• Boyce, Charles (1985). „Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik (1899–1976)”. Dictionary of Furniture. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Co.. ISBN 0-8050-0752-0.
• Brown, Theodore M. (1969). „Alto, Hugo Alvar Henrik”. u: Myers, Bernard S.. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art. I: AA-Ceylon. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
• Chilvers, Ian, ur. (2004) [1988]. „Aalto, Alvar”. The Oxford Dictionary of Art (3rd izd.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860476-9.
• Heporauta, Arne (1999) (Finnish). Alvar Aalto: Arkkitehti / Architect 1898–1976 (1st izd.). Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto. ISBN 951-682-546-X.
• Hoiberg, Dale H., ur. (2010). „Aalto, (Hugo) Alvar (Henrik)”. Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th izd.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
• Jencks, Charles (1973). Modern Movements in Architecture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0385025546.
• Labò, Mario (1968) [1959]. „Aalto, Hugo Alvar Henrik”. u: Crandall, Robert W.. Encyclopedia of World Art. I: Aalto-Asia Minor, Western. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc..
• McCarter, Robert (2006). Frank Lloyd Wright. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861892683.
• Mikkola, Kirmo (1969). „Suomalaisen arkkitehtuurin ajankohtaista pyrkimyksiä” (Finnish). Arkkitehti 66: 30–37.
• Paavilainen, Simo (1982). Paavilainen, Simo. ur. Nordisk Klassicism – 1910–1930 [Nordic Classicism]. Helsinki: Museum of Finnish Architecture. ISBN 951-9229-21-3.
• Pallasmaa, Juhani (1998). Alvar Aalto: Villa Mairea 1938–39 (2nd izd.). Ram Pubns & Dist. ISBN 978-9525371314.
• Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa (2009). Alvar Aalto: Architecture, Modernity, and Geopolitics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300114287.
• Schildt, Göran (1994). Alvar Aalto, A life's work: Architecture, Design and Art. Helsinki, Finland: Otava Pub. Co. ISBN 978-9511129752.
• Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (2007). Aino and Alvar Aalto – A Shared Journey – Interpretations of an everyday modernism. Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525371321.
• Tafuri, Manfredo; Co, Francesco Dal (1976) (Italian). Architettura contemporanea [Modern Architecture]. Milan: Electa.
• Thorne, John, ur. (1984). „Aalto, Alvar”. Chambers Biographical Dictionary (Revised izd.). Chambers. ISBN 0-550-18022-2.
• Weston, Richard (1997) [1995]. Alvar Aalto. London, UK: Phaidon Press Limited. ISBN 978-0714837109.
• Tourney, Michele (2013). „Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A” (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Pristupljeno 13 November 2013.
• Schildt, Göran (1984). Alvar Aalto. The Early Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847805310.
• Schildt, Göran (1987). Alvar Aalto. The Decisive Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847807116.
• Schildt, Göran (1991). Alvar Aalto. The Mature Years. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847813292.
• Alvar Aalto Archive Staff (1994). The Architectural Drawings of Alvar Aalto 1917–1939: Aalto's Own Home in Helsinki, the Finnish Pavilion at the 1937 World's Fair in Paris, and Other Buildings and Projects, 1932–1937. Garland Architectural Archives. Routledge.
• Schildt, Göran (1994). Alvar Aalto: The Complete Catalogue of Architecture, Design and Art. New York, NY: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0847818181.
• Laaksonen, Esa (2013). Alvar Aalto Architect. 5: Paimio Sanatorium 1928–32. Rakennustieto Publishing. ISBN 978-9516829541.
• Holma, Maija; Pallasmaa, Juhani; Suominen-Kokkonen, Renja (2003). Alvar Aalto Architect. 6: The Aalto House 1935–36. Alvar Aalto Foundation. ISBN 978-9525498011.
• Kaorvanmaa, Pekka (2007). Alvar Aalto Architect. 7: Sunila 1936–1954. Ram Distribution. ISBN 978-9525498035.
• Alvar Aalto Architect. 9: Villa Mairea.
• Aalto, Alvar (2008). Alvar Aalto Architect. 13: University of Technology, Otaniemi 1949–74. Ram Distribution. ISBN 978-9525498080.
• Hipeli, Mia (2009). Alvar Aalto Architect. 16: Jyväskylä University 1951–71. ASIN B002QH2LMK.
• Aalto, Alvar (2008). Alvar Aalto Architect. 20: Maison Louis Carre 1956–63. Ram Distribution. ISBN 978-9525498066.
• Heporauta, Arne (1998) (Finnish). Alvar Aalto Arkkitehti: 1898–1976. Helsinki, Finland: Rakennustieto Oy. ISBN 978-9516825468.
• Fleig, Karl (1975). Alvar Aalto. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275496609.
• Porphyrios, Demetri (1982). Sources of Modern Eclecticism. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312746735.
• Pallasmaa, Juhani (1985). Aalto: Alvar Aalto Furniture. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262132060.
• Korvenmaa, Pekka; Treib, Marc (2002). Reed, Peter. ur. Alvar Aalto: Between Humanism and Materialism. New York, NY: The Museum of Modern Art. ISBN 978-0870701078.
• Quantrill, Malcolm (1983). Alvar Aalto: A Critical Study. Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0941533352.
• Ruusuvuori, Aarno, ur. (1978). Alvar Aalto 1898–1976. Helsinki, Finland: The Museum of Finnish Architecture. ASIN B0000ED4GS.
• Jormakka, Kari; Gargus, Jacqueline; Graf, Douglas The Use and Abuse of Paper. Essays on Alvar Aalto. Datutop 20: Tampere 1999.
• Connah, Roger (2008). Aaltomania. Rakennustieto Publishing. ISBN 978-9516826137.
• Karl Fleig – Alvar Aalto – Obras y proyectos. Works and Project – Publisher: Gustavo Gili – 1993 Arhivirano 2016-11-04 na Wayback Machine-u

Vanjske veze

Alvar Aalto na Wikimedijinoj ostavi

• Biografija Alvara Alta
• Alvar Aalto Foundation Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings.
• Aalto bibliography Arhivirano 2006-10-03 na Wayback Machine-u - From the official site
• Alvar Aalto - Design Dictionary Illustrated article about Alvar Aalto
• More than 100 items designed by Alvar Aalto Arhivirano 2008-02-23 na Wayback Machine-u on architonic.com: with images, informations and auction results
• Modern Furniture and the history of Moulded Plywood Arhivirano 2012-12-10 na Archive.is-u Role played by Alvar Alto in the use of Moulded plywood for furniture.
• artek Aalto furniture; company founded by Aalto.
• Alvar Aalto glassware Arhivirano 2007-10-25 na Wayback Machine-u iittala
• Between Humanism and Materialism New York Museum of Modern Art exhibit site. Contains an especially useful timeline of his life and career.
• "Ahead of the curve" The Guardian - Fiona MacCarthy recalls a shared lunch of smoked reindeer and schnapps in his elegant Helsinki restaurant
• Mt. Angel Abbey Library Arhivirano 2006-02-18 na Wayback Machine-u
• Baker House
• North Jutland Museum Arhivirano 2006-02-13 na Wayback Machine-u
• Nordic House Iceland Arhivirano 2008-03-14 na Wayback Machine-u
• S. Maria Assunta - Riola BO Italy Arhivirano 2013-01-11 na Archive.is-u
• Alvar Aalto Collection Arhivirano 2007-01-01 na Wayback Machine-u Tomorrow's Antique Alvar Aalto furniture collection.
• Coliseum-shop.com Alvar Aalto Furniture Selection.
• Aalto.com - Alvar Aalto Collection Shop dedicated to Alvar Aalto designs.
• Alvar Aalto's Savoy Vase (1936)