Duo sunt fundamenta litteraria religionis Islamicae: primum Alcoranus, qui verbum Dei Mahometo revelatum habetur; secundum narrationes (Hadit) de vitae moribus (Sunnah) Mahometi, cuius in mores velut "legati Dei" ac exempli se Musulmani formare debent. Omnes ex his litteris sumptae regulae ius Islamicum (شريعة saria) efficiunt.
Musulmani credunt Deum esse unum et incomparabilem, et propositum vitaehumanae esse hunc deitatemvenerari.[9] Verbum quidem Islam significat 'mentis et spiritús deditionem' ad hoc numen,[10] vel 'submissio' (erga id). Ei etiam credunt Islamum esse absolutam et universam primordialis fidei patefactionem, quae multis temporibus locisque a nuntiis Dei revelata est, inter eos Abraham, Moyses, et Iesus, quos ei habent prophetas.[11] Tradunt priores nuntios et patefactiones partim mutatas vel corruptas fuisse,[12] sed Alcoranum enimvero esse integram et ultimam Dei patefactionem.[13] Inter notiones moresque Musulmanorum religiosos sunt Quinque columnae Islamicae, quae pro fundamentalibus venerationis notionibus usibusque necessariis sunt, et lex Islamica (Saria), quae paene omnem vitaesocietatisque aspectum tangit, consilium in rebus multiplicibus suppeditans, ab aerario et salute, ad militiam et circumiectum.[14][15]
fidei professio, hisce verbis expressa: "Testor nullum esse deum nisi Deum Machometumque prophetam eius esse." (Arabice haec locutio Sahada appellatur).
preces (صلاة salāt): quinquiens quotidie: ante solis ortum, meridie, post meridiem, sole occidente, nocte incipiente. Praescriptum est, ut quemque precem vocatus a muazino de minareto clamatus et lavatio ritualis antecedat. Feria sexta preces meridianae in meschita adhibentur, quod viris debitum officium, feminis autem commendatio est.
eleemosyna (زكاة zakāt):[16] Tributum, quod ab omni Musulmano sano, libero, adulto ac satis locupleti ad pauperes, servos, debitores et viatores adiuvandos nec non in gihad dandum est. Summa secundum condiciones variat.
Dividuntur in nonnullas factiones Musulmani, inter quas SunnitaeSiitaeque. Siitae credunt auctoritatem, propheta defuncto, recte in Ali generum Machometi transmissam esse, absque illo in familiam eius; Sunnitae contra credunt illam auctoritatem per electionem transmissam esse, itaque Omari successoribusque eius. Invenies et Sunnitas et Siitas per mundum Islamicum dispositos; praeponderunt tamen Siitae in Irania, MesopotamiaLibanoque, Sunnitae alibi.
Est etiam tertia factio, Secta Charigitica appellata, quae olim magnam Africae Septentrionalis partem occupabat, hodie tantum in Omania (vide Ibaditae) et in tribus parvis Africae Septentrionalis regionibus fideles complures habet.
Religio Islamica varios locos quasi sacros habet. Principalis est Mecca, ubi sanctuarium Caba ponitur et quo Musulmani peregrinationem (Haggam) faciunt; hi peregrinatores nomine hajji honorantur. Etiam Medina (urbs prophetae) et Hierosolyma sacrae vocantur.
Hegira (Arabicehijra) fuit fuga Mahometi discipulorumque suorum a Mecca ad Yathrebum, quod oppidum postea nominatur "Oppidum Prophetae" (Madinat an Nabi), vel breviter Medina.
Ludovicus Gulielmus Christianus van den Berg, De contractu "do ut des" iure Mohammedano, Lugduni Batavorum, anno 1868 (pag. 14 apud Google Books); Ṭabari, M. J. de Goeje et Arib ibn Sad al-Qurṭubi, Tarikh al-rusul wa al-muluk, tomus 14, anno 1965 (pag. CDXXIII apud Google Books); Ern. Frid. Car. Rosenmüller, Analecta Arabica: Institutiones iuris Mohammedani circa bellum contra eos qui ab Islamo sunt alieni, Lipsiae, anno 1825 (pag. 13 apud Google Books).
Islamismus quoque nonnumquam religionem Islamicam designat, sed cave hodie verbo Islamismus generaliter doctrina intellegitur, quae religionem Islamicam etiam legem ad rem publicam gerendam esse arbitratur.
Vox Arabicaregione variatur. Prima littera vocalis ab [i] per [ɪ] ad [e], et altera littera vocalis a [æ] per [a] et [ä] ad [ɛ] commutatur. In nonnullis regionibus geographicis, sicut Africa boreoccidentali, linguae momento carent.
Deus saepe ab Musulmanis appellatur Allāh, qui origine fuit forma brevis pro al 'ilāh 'ille deus', quod Arabicumal- est articulum definitivum sicut Graecum ὁ ho et Germanicumder et Anglicumthe.
Accad (2003), Ibn Taymiya, quamquam nonnulli Musulmani textualem omnis Bibliorum veritatem, permulti Musulmani veritatem plurimi verborum accipiunt. Esposito (1998:6,12. Esposito 2002b:4–5. Peters 2003:9. F, Buhl, et A T. Welch, "Muhammad," Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Hava Lazarus-Yafeh, "Tahrif," Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
William Montgomery Watt et Alford T. Welch, eds. (1980), "Mohammed und die Frühzeit, islamisches Recht, religiöses Leben," in Der Islam (Die Religionen der Menschheit, vol. 25, ISBN 3170054287) 1:137, 303. Udo Schaefer, Glaubenswelt Islam: Eine Einführung, ed. secunda, noviter tractata (Hildesiae, Turici, Novi Eboraci: Georg Olms, 2002, ISBN 3487101599), p. 70.
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