Atheismus

Atheismus^[2] (Graece ἀ 'sine' + θεος 'Deus') sensu latissimo est reiectio fidei deitates exsistere, aut non credere ullo deo.^[3] Sensu strictiore, atheismus est opinio nullos deitates exsistere.^[4] Sensu strictissimo, atheismus simpliciter est absentia fidei ullas deitates exsistere.^[5] Atheismus contra theismum stat,^[6][7] qui in forma communissima est fides in una saltem deitate exsistente.^[7][8] Asseculae atheismi athei et atheistae appellantur.

-2 Latinitas huius rei dubia est. Corrige si potes. Vide {{latinitas}}.

Nomen Graecum αθεοι (atheoi) sic apparet in Epistula ad Ephesios in Papyro 46, manuscripto saeculi tertii ineuntis.^[1]

Multi atheismum cum indevotione^? agnoscunt, sed nonnullae philosophiae religiosae, sicut theologia saecularis et varietates Buddhismi sicut Theravada, deorum credentia plane carent aut atheismum docent.

Terminus atheismus ortus est sicut epitheton peioravitus^? de homine aut fide contra religionem ratam. Per autem aetates, cum cogitationes, scepticismus, et reprehensio de religione floruerunt, terminus significationem specificam adquisitus ab atheis magis et magis adhibetur.

Definitio

Ricardus Dawkins atheus acroasim mense Martio anni 2005 facit.

Paulus Henricus Thiry, Baro de Holbach^(fr), atheismi fautor saeculi duodevicensimi.

Epicurus quaestionem mali (et ad ultimum quaestionem dei vel deorum) primum proposuit, quam David Hume in Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (1779) insigniter citavit.

Proportio atheistarum et agnosticorum per orbem terrarum.

Proportio hominum in variis civitatibus Europaeis qui dixerunt "I don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force." (2010)^[9]

Non constat definitio verbi atheismus. Alii atheos appellant eos qui deos esse dubitant; alii appellant atheos solos qui nullos deos exsistere plane credunt, et agnosticos qui nullos deos exsistere incerte suspectant.

Auctor studiosusque biologiae Ricardus Dawkins in libro The God Delusion ('Delusio de Deo') dicit continuationem esse graduum fidei de probabilitate dei:

1. 100%. Theismus fortis: dixit Carolus Jung "non credo, scio."
2. Paene 100%. "Non scio, sed fortiter credo, agoque quasi est deus."
3. Paulo plus quam 50%. Agnosticus qui se inclinatur ad theismum.
4. 50%. Agnosticus.
5. Paulo minus quam 50%. Agnosticus qui se inclinatur ad atheismum.
6. Paene 0%. "Nescio, sed fortiter dubito, agoque quasi non est deus."
7. 0%. "Scio deum non esse"

Dawkins dubitat quin multi "7" sint, et se "6.8" esse ait.

Historia

Asia

Ortu religionibus Dharmicis, multi in Asia fidem in unum deum reiecerunt. Adhuc, pauci in Asia orientalis in deum credunt.

Europa Antiqua

Philosophi Graeci, Iudaei, Christianiique eos qui in deos Graecos non credebant, ἄθεος appellaverunt. Diagorus Meli primus atheistus appellatus est, qui iniuriis impunitis fidem in deos reiecit; ille mysteria Eleusinia reprehendit, et statua dei in ignem deiecta rogavit quin deus ipsum non conservatus esset. Socrates ab accusatoribus "atheus" appellatus est.

Notae

1. Nomen substantivum αθεοι—in ullis suarum formis—alibi in Septuaginta vel Novo Testamento non invenitur. Robertson, A. T. (1960) [1932]. "Ephesians: Chapter 2". Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press .
2. S. Axters, Scholastiek lexicon Latijn-Nederlandsch (Antverpiae: Geloofsverdediging, 1937).
3. • Nielsen, Kai (2010). Atheism .
   • Edwards, Paul (2005) [1967]. Donald M. Borchert. ed. Atheism. Vol. 1 (secunda ed.). Macmillan Reference USA (Gale). p. 359. ISBN 0028657802  (Pagina 175 in editione 1967.)
4. Rowe, William L. (1998). Edward Craig. ed. Atheism. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415073103 .
5. Commentarius societatis Religioustolerance.org de Definitionibus nominibus "Atheism" subicit nullum consensum de definitione nominis esse. Simon Blackburn in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy adfirmat: "Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none". Plurima dictionaria unam ex angustioribus definitionibus offerunt.

   • Runes, Dagobert D.(editor) (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. Nova Caesarea: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2 .
6. "Definitions: Atheism". Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama 
7. Oxford English Dictionary (secunda ed.). 1989 
8. "Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary" .
9. "Special Eurobarometer: Biotechnology" (PDF). October 2010. p. 381 .

Bibliographia

• Baggini, Julian. 2003. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192804243.
• Martin, Michael, ed. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521603676 
• Smith, George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-124-X. 
• Zdybicka, Zofia J. (2005). "Atheism". In Maryniarczyk, Andrzej. Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association 

Res additae

• Berman, David (1990). A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04727-7 
• Buckley, M. J. (1990). At the Origins of Modern Atheism. Portu Novi Connecticutae: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300048971 
• Dawkins, Richard (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0593055489 
• Flew, Antony (2005). God and Philosophy. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1591023300 
• Tom Flynn, ed. (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Buffalo Novi Eboraci: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-391-2 
• Gaskin, J. C. A., ed. (1989). Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan. ISBN 002340681X 
• Germani, Alan (2008). "The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists". The Objective Standard (Glen Allen Press) 3 (3) 
• Harbour, Daniel (2003). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism. Londinii: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3229-9 
• Harris, Sam (2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307265777 
• Harris, Sam (October 2, 2007). "The Problem with Atheism". The Washington Post 
• Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Twelve. ISBN 978-0446579803 
• Jacoby, Susan (2004). Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0805074420 
• Krueger, D. E. (1998). What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction. Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 1-57392-214-5 
• Le Poidevin, R. (1996). Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09338-4 
• Mackie, J. L. (1982). The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019824682X 
• Maritain, Jacques (1953). The Range of Reason. Londinii: Geoffrey Bles 
• Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphiae: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-943-0 
• Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier, ed. (2003). The Impossibility of God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-120-0 
• Michael Martin & Ricki Monnier, ed. (2006). The Improbability of God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-381-5 
• McTaggart, John; McTaggart, Ellis (1930) [1906]. Some Dogmas of Religion (New ed.). London: Edward Arnold & Co.. ISBN 0-548-14955-0 
• Nielsen, Kai (1985). Philosophy and Atheism. Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-289-0 
• Nielsen, Kai (2001). Naturalism and Religion. New York: Prometheus. ISBN 1573928534 
• Oppy, Graham (2006). Arguing about Gods. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521863864 
• Robinson, Richard (1964). An Atheist's Values. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198241917 
• Russell, Paul (October 4, 2005). Edward N. Zalta. ed. Hume on Religion (Winter 2008 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab 
• Sharpe, R.A. (1997). The Moral Case Against Religious Belief. London: SCM Press. ISBN 0-334-02680-6 
• Stenger, Victor J. 2007. God: The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows that God Does Not Exist. Amherst Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 1591024811.
• Thrower, James (1971). A Short History of Western Atheism. Londinii: Pemberton. ISBN 0-301-71101-1 

Nexus interni

• Agnosticismus
• Apostasia
• Casimirus Liszynski
• Cogitatio libera
• Dysteleologia
• Feminismus atheisticus
• Haeresis
• Irreligio
• Libertas religionis
• Materialismus
• Nihilismus
• Paulus Zacharias Myers
• Sponsio atheistae

Nexus externi

• Encyclopaedia atheismi.^{[nexus deficit]} athpedia.de.
• Bibliotheca Augustana, textus atheismum provehens: http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost17/Mueller/mue_impo.html Iohannis Ioachimi Müller: De tribus impostoribus, anno 1598