From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Elementu kimiko deritzo nukleoko protoi kopuruarengatik bereizten den atomo mota bakoitzari.[1] Protoi-kopuru bera duten atomo guztiak dira elementu berarenak, adibidez, protoi bakarra duten atomo guztiak hidrogeno elementua dira, zazpi dituztenak nitrogenoa eta 26 dituztenak burdina. Elementu bereko atomoek definizioz protoi-kopuru bera duten arren, elektroi eta neutroi kopuruak aldagarriak dira.
Kimika klasikoan, elementu deitzen zitzaion substanzia sinpleagoetan deskonposatu ezin zen substantzia orori, eta esanahi hau oraindik ere erabiltzen da. Definizio honekin soilik, substantzia baten sailkapena elementu bezala behin-behinekoa zen, esaterako, kuartzoa elementutzat har zitekeen norbaitek deskonposatzea lortzen zuen arte.[2]
Elementu kimikoak oro har zenbaki atomiko txikienetik handienera sailkatzen dira, taula periodikoa delako diagraman. Hona hemen taula periodikoa (jakin-mina izanez gero elementu jakin bati buruz, egin klik dagokion loturan; elementu kimikoen izenak osorik datoz taularen ostean:
Taldea → ↓ Periodoa |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
1 | 1 H |
2 He | |||||||||||||||||
2 | 3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | |||||||||||
3 | 11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | |||||||||||
4 | 19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr | |
5 | 37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe | |
6 | 55 Cs |
56 Ba |
* | 71 Lu |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn |
7 | 87 Fr |
88 Ra |
** | 103 Lr |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og |
* Lantanoideak | 57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb | |||||
** Aktinidoak | 89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
Serie kimikoak (hondo kolorea): | ||||
Metal alkalino | Metal lurralkalino | Lantanido | Aktinido | Trantsizio-metal |
Metal | Metaloide | Ez-metal | Halogeno | Gas noble |
Agerpen naturala (gelaxkaren ertza): | ||||
Lurra baino zaharrago isotopoak dituenak (jatorrizko elementuak). | ||||
Beste elementuaren erradioaktibitate naturalaren desintregazio produktuak direnak. | ||||
Naturan aurkentzen ez direnak (elementu sintetikoak). | ||||
Aurkitu gabe. |
Elementuen zerrenda, zenbaki atomikoaren arabera, bakoitza bere izen osoarekin:
Zenbaki atomikoa | Izena | Ikurramboloa | Periodoa, Taldea |
Masa atomikoa (g/Mol) |
Dentsitatea (g/cm³) a 20 °C |
Fusioa (°C) |
Irakitea (°C) |
Aurkikuntza urtea | Aurkitzailea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hidrogeno | H | 1, 1 | 1.00794(7)(2) (3) (4) | 0.084 g/l | −259.1 | −252.9 | 1766 | Cavendish |
2 | Helio | He | 1, 18 | 4.002602(2)(2) (4) | 0.17 g/l | −272.2 | −268.9 | 1895 | Ramsay eta Cleve |
3 | Litio | Li | 2, 1 | 6.941(2)(2) (3) (4) (5) | 0.53 | 180.5 | 1317 | 1817 | Arfwedson |
4 | Berilio | Be | 2, 2 | 9.012182(3) | 1.85 | 1278 | 2970 | 1797 | Vauquelin |
5 | Boro | B | 2, 13 | 10.811(7)(2) (3) (4) | 2.46 | 2300 | 2550 | 1808 | Davy eta Gay-Lussac |
6 | Karbono | C | 2, 14 | 12.0107(8)(2) (4) | 3.51 | 3550 | 4827 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
7 | Nitrogeno | N | 2, 15 | 14.0067(2)(2) (4) | 1.17 g/l | −209.9 | −195.8 | 1772 | Rutherford |
8 | Oxigeno | O | 2, 16 | 15.9994(3)(2) (4) | 1.33 g/l | −218.4 | −182.9 | 1774 | Priestley eta Scheele |
9 | Fluor | F | 2, 17 | 18.9984032(5) | 1.58 g/l | −219.6 | −188.1 | 1886 | Moissan |
10 | Neon | Ne | 2, 18 | 20.1797(6)(2) (3) | 0.84 g/l | −248.7 | −246.1 | 1898 | Ramsay eta Travers |
11 | Sodio | Na | 3, 1 | 22.98976928(2) | 0.97 | 97.8 | 892 | 1807 | Davy |
12 | Magnesio | Mg | 3, 2 | 24.3050(6) | 1.74 | 648.8 | 1107 | 1755 | Black |
13 | Aluminio | Al | 3, 13 | 26.9815386(8) | 2.70 | 660.5 | 2467 | 1825 | Oersted |
14 | Silizio | Si | 3, 14 | 28.0855(3)(4) | 2.33 | 1410 | 2355 | 1824 | Berzelius |
15 | Fosforo | P | 3, 15 | 30.973762(2) | 1.82 | 44 (P4) | 280 (P4) | 1669 | Brand |
16 | Sufre | S | 3, 16 | 32.065(5)(2) (4) | 2.06 | 113 | 444.7 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
17 | Kloro | Cl | 3, 17 | 35.453(2)(2) (3) (4) | 2.95 g/l | −34.6 | −101 | 1774 | Scheele |
18 | Argon | Ar | 3, 18 | 39.948(1)(2) (4) | 1.66 g/l | −189.4 | −185.9 | 1894 | Ramsay eta Rayleigh |
19 | Potasio | K | 4, 1 | 39.0983(1) | 0.86 | 63.7 | 774 | 1807 | Davy |
20 | Kaltzio | Ca | 4, 2 | 40.078(4)(2) | 1.54 | 839 | 1487 | 1808 | Davy |
21 | Eskandio | Sc | 4, 3 | 44.955912(6) | 2.99 | 1539 | 2832 | 1879 | Nilson |
22 | Titanio | Ti | 4, 4 | 47.867(1) | 4.51 | 1660 | 3260 | 1791 | Gregor eta Klaproth |
23 | Banadio | V | 4, 5 | 50.9415(1) | 6.09 | 1890 | 3380 | 1801 | del Río |
24 | Kromo | Cr | 4, 6 | 51.9961(6) | 7.14 | 1857 | 2482 | 1797 | Vauquelin |
25 | Manganeso | Mn | 4, 7 | 54.938045(5) | 7.44 | 1244 | 2097 | 1774 | Gahn |
26 | Burdin | Fe | 4, 8 | 55.845(2) | 7.87 | 1535 | 2750 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
27 | Kobalto | Co | 4, 9 | 58.933195(5) | 8.89 | 1495 | 2870 | 1735 | Brandt |
28 | Nikel | Ni | 4, 10 | 58.6934(2) | 8.91 | 1453 | 2732 | 1751 | Cronstedt |
29 | Kobre | Cu | 4, 11 | 63.546(3)(4) | 8.92 | 1083.5 | 2595 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
30 | Zink | Zn | 4, 12 | 65.409(4) | 7.14 | 419.6 | 907 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
31 | Galio | Ga | 4, 13 | 69.723(1) | 5.91 | 29.8 | 2403 | 1875 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
32 | Germanio | Ge | 4, 14 | 72.64(1) | 5.32 | 937.4 | 2830 | 1886 | Winkler |
33 | Artseniko | As | 4, 15 | 74.92160(2) | 5.72 | 613 | 613 (sublimación) | ca. 1250 | Albertus Magnus |
34 | Selenio | Se | 4, 16 | 78.96(3)(4) | 4.82 | 217 | 685 | 1817 | Berzelius |
35 | Bromo | Br | 4, 17 | 79.904(1) | 3.14 | −7.3 | 58.8 | 1826 | Balard |
36 | Kripton | Kr | 4, 18 | 83.798(2)(2) (3) | 3.48 g/l | −156.6 | −152.3 | 1898 | Ramsay eta Travers |
37 | Rubidio | Rb | 5, 1 | 85.4678(3)(2) | 1.53 | 39 | 688 | 1861 | Bunsen eta Kirchhoff |
38 | Estrontzio | Sr | 5, 2 | 87.62(1)(2) (4) | 2.63 | 769 | 1384 | 1790 | Crawford |
39 | Itrio | Y | 5, 3 | 88.90585(2) | 4.47 | 1523 | 3337 | 1794 | Gadolin |
40 | Zirkonio | Zr | 5, 4 | 91.224(2)(2) | 6.51 | 1852 | 4377 | 1789 | Klaproth |
41 | Niobio | Nb | 5, 5 | 92.906 38(2) | 8.58 | 2468 | 4927 | 1801 | Hatchett |
42 | Molibdeno | Mo | 5, 6 | 95.94(2)(2) | 10.28 | 2617 | 5560 | 1778 | Scheele |
43 | Teknezio | Tc | 5, 7 | [98.9063](1) | 11.49 | 2172 | 5030 | 1937 | Perrier eta Segrè |
44 | Rutenio | Ru | 5, 8 | 101.07(2)(2) | 12.45 | 2310 | 3900 | 1844 | Klaus |
45 | Rodio | Rh | 5, 9 | 102.90550(2) | 12.41 | 1966 | 3727 | 1803 | Wollaston |
46 | Paladio | Pd | 5, 10 | 106.42(1)(2) | 12.02 | 1552 | 3140 | 1803 | Wollaston |
47 | Zilar | Ag | 5, 11 | 107.8682(2)(2) | 10.49 | 961.9 | 2212 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
48 | Kadmio | Cd | 5, 12 | 112.411(8)(2) | 8.64 | 321 | 765 | 1817 | Strohmeyer eta Hermann |
49 | Indio | In | 5, 13 | 114.818(3) | 7.31 | 156.2 | 2080 | 1863 | Reich eta Richter |
50 | Eztainu | Sn | 5, 14 | 118.710(7)(2) | 7.29 | 232 | 2270 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
51 | Antimonio | Sb | 5, 15 | 121.760(1)(2) | 6.69 | 630.7 | 1750 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
52 | Telurio | Te | 5, 16 | 127.60(3)(2) | 6.25 | 449.6 | 990 | 1782 | von Reichenstein |
53 | Iodo | I | 5, 17 | 126.90447(3) | 4.94 | 113.5 | 184.4 | 1811 | Courtois |
54 | Xenon | Xe | 5, 18 | 131.293(6)(2) (3) | 4.49 g/l | −111.9 | −107 | 1898 | Ramsay eta Travers |
55 | Zesio | Cs | 6, 1 | 132.9054519(2) | 1.90 | 28.4 | 690 | 1860 | Kirchhoff eta Bunsen |
56 | Bario | Ba | 6, 2 | 137.327(7) | 3.65 | 725 | 1640 | 1808 | Davy |
57 | Lantano | La | 6 | 138.90547(7)(2) | 6.16 | 920 | 3454 | 1839 | Mosander |
58 | Zerio | Ce | 6 | 140.116(1)(2) | 6.77 | 798 | 3257 | 1803 | von Hisinger eta Berzelius |
59 | Praseodimio | Pr | 6 | 140.90765(2) | 6.48 | 931 | 3212 | 1895 | von Welsbach |
60 | Neodimio | Nd | 6 | 144.242(3)(2) | 7.00 | 1010 | 3127 | 1895 | von Welsbach |
61 | Prometio | Pm | 6 | [146.9151](1) | 7.22 | 1080 | 2730 | 1945 | Marinsky eta Glendenin |
62 | Samario | Sm | 6 | 150.36(2)(2) | 7.54 | 1072 | 1778 | 1879 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
63 | Europio | Eu | 6 | 151.964(1)(2) | 5.25 | 822 | 1597 | 1901 | Demarçay |
64 | Gadolinio | Gd | 6 | 157.25(3)(2) | 7.89 | 1311 | 3233 | 1880 | de Marignac |
65 | Terbio | Tb | 6 | 158.92535(2) | 8.25 | 1360 | 3041 | 1843 | Mosander |
66 | Disprosio | Dy | 6 | 162.500(1)(2) | 8.56 | 1409 | 2335 | 1886 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
67 | Holmio | Ho | 6 | 164.93032(2) | 8.78 | 1470 | 2720 | 1878 | Soret |
68 | Erbio | Er | 6 | 167.259(3)(2) | 9.05 | 1522 | 2510 | 1842 | Mosander |
69 | Tulio | Tm | 6 | 168.93421(2) | 9.32 | 1545 | 1727 | 1879 | Cleve |
70 | Iterbio | Yb | 6 | 173.04(3)(2) | 6.97 | 824 | 1193 | 1878 | de Marignac |
71 | Lutezio | Lu | 6, 3 | 174.967(1)(2) | 9.84 | 1656 | 3315 | 1907 | Urbain |
72 | Hafnio | Hf | 6, 4 | 178.49(2) | 13.31 | 2150 | 5400 | 1923 | Coster eta de Hevesy |
73 | Tantalo | Ta | 6, 5 | 180.9479(1) | 16.68 | 2996 | 5425 | 1802 | Ekeberg |
74 | Wolframio | W | 6, 6 | 183.84(1) | 19.26 | 3407 | 5927 | 1783 | Elhuyar |
75 | Renio | Re | 6, 7 | 186.207(1) | 21.03 | 3180 | 5627 | 1925 | Noddack, Tacke eta Berg |
76 | Osmio | Os | 6, 8 | 190.23(3)(2) | 22.61 | 3045 | 5027 | 1803 | Tennant |
77 | Iridio | Ir | 6, 9 | 192.217(3) | 22.65 | 2410 | 4130 | 1803 | Tennant |
78 | Platino | Pt | 6, 10 | 195.084(9) | 21.45 | 1772 | 3827 | 1557 | Eskaligero |
79 | Urre | Au | 6, 11 | 196.966569(4) | 19.32 | 1064.4 | 2940 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
80 | Merkurio | Hg | 6, 12 | 200.59(2) | 13.55 | −38.9 | 356.6 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
81 | Talio | Tl | 6, 13 | 204.3833(2) | 11.85 | 303.6 | 1457 | 1861 | Crookes |
82 | Berun | Pb | 6, 14 | 207.2(1)(2) (4) | 11.34 | 327.5 | 1740 | Historiaurrea | Ezezaguna |
83 | Bismuto | Bi | 6, 15 | 208.98040(1) | 9.80 | 271.4 | 1560 | 1540 | Geoffroy |
84 | Polonio | Po | 6, 16 | [208.9824](1) | 9.20 | 254 | 962 | 1898 | Marie eta Pierre Curie |
85 | Astato | At | 6, 17 | [209.9871](1) | 302 | 337 | 1940 | Corson eta MacKenzie | |
86 | Radon | Rn | 6, 18 | [222.0176](1) | 9.23 g/l | −71 | −61.8 | 1900 | Dorn |
87 | Frantzio | Fr | 7, 1 | [223.0197](1) | 27 | 677 | 1939 | Perey | |
88 | Radio | Ra | 7, 2 | [226.0254](1) | 5.50 | 700 | 1140 | 1898 | Marie eta Pierre Curie |
89 | Aktinio | Ac | 7 | [227.0278](1) | 10.07 | 1047 | 3197 | 1899 | Debierne |
90 | Torio | Th | 7 | 232.03806(2)(1) (2) | 11.72 | 1750 | 4787 | 1829 | Berzelius |
91 | Protoaktinio | Pa | 7 | 231.03588(2)(1) | 15.37 | 1554 | 4030 | 1917 | Soddy, Cranston eta Hahn |
92 | Uranio | U | 7 | 238.02891(3)(1) (2) (3) | 18.97 | 1132.4 | 3818 | 1789 | Klaproth |
93 | Neptunio | Np | 7 | [237.0482](1) | 20.48 | 640 | 3902 | 1940 | McMillan eta Abelson |
94 | Plutonio | Pu | 7 | [244.0642](1) | 19.74 | 641 | 3327 | 1940 | Seaborg |
95 | Amerizio | Am | 7 | [243.0614](1) | 13.67 | 994 | 2607 | 1944 | Seaborg |
96 | Kurio | Cm | 7 | [247.0703](1) | 13.51 | 1340 | 1944 | Seaborg | |
97 | Berkelio | Bk | 7 | [247.0703](1) | 13.25 | 986 | 1949 | Seaborg | |
98 | Kalifornio | Cf | 7 | [251.0796](1) | 15.1 | 900 | 1950 | Seaborg | |
99 | Einsteinio | Es | 7 | [252.0829](1) | 860 | 1952 | Seaborg | ||
100 | Fermio | Fm | 7 | [257.0951](1) | 1952 | Seaborg | |||
101 | Mendelebio | Md | 7 | [258.0986](1) | 1955 | Seaborg | |||
102 | Nobelio | No | 7 | [259.1009](1) | 1958 | Seaborg | |||
103 | Lawrentzio | Lr | 7, 3 | [260.1053](1) | 1961 | Ghiorso | |||
104 | Rutherfordio | Rf | 7, 4 | [261.1087](1) | 1964/69 | Flerov | |||
105 | Dubnio | Db | 7, 5 | [262.1138](1) | 1967/70 | Flerov | |||
106 | Seaborgio | Sg | 7, 6 | [263.1182](1) | 1974 | Flerov | |||
107 | Bohrio | Bh | 7, 7 | [262.1229](1) | 1976 | Oganessian | |||
108 | Hassio | Hs | 7, 8 | [265](1) | 1984 | GSI | |||
109 | Meitnerio | Mt | 7, 9 | [266](1) | 1982 | GSI | |||
110 | Darmstadtio | Ds | 7, 10 | [269](1) | 1994 | GSI | |||
111 | Roentgenio | Rg | 7, 11 | [272](1) | 1994 | GSI | |||
112 | Kopernizio | Cn | 7, 12 | [285](1) | 1996 | GSI | |||
113 | Nihonio | Nh | 7, 13 | [284](1) | 2004 | JINR, LLNL | |||
114 | Flevorio | Fl | 7, 14 | [289](1) | 1999 | JINR | |||
115 | Moskovio | Mc | 7, 15 | [288](1) | 2004 | JINR, LLNL | |||
116 | Livermorio | Lv | 7, 16 | [292](1) | 1999 | LBNL | |||
117 | Teneso | Ts | 7, 17 | (1) | 2009-2010 | JINR | |||
118 | Oganeson | Og | 7, 18 | (1) | 2006 | JINR, LLNL |
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.