ḏd

See also: Appendix:Variations of "dd"

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /cʼaːtʼ/ → /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ → /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ → /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /cʼaːtʼ/ (infinitive); IPA^(key): /ˈcʼitʼnu/ (perfect relative form)^[1]
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ (infinitive), with unexpected sound change /tʼ/ → /t/ (→ /ʔ/)
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃʼaːʔ/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃʼoːʔ/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: djed

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (transitive) to say, to speak (words, names, praises, reports, speech, etc., including direct quotes) (+ n or (archaic) ḫft: to; + ḥr: to (someone of high standing); + r: against, about, to (someone); + n: for the sake of (someone); + m: with, from (the mouth))
   • 12th Dynasty, Stela of Amenemhat, British Museum, Egyptian Antiquities, E567:

     ḏd.t(w) n.f jjw m ḥtp jn wrw nw ꜣbḏw

     May “welcome in peace” be said to him by the great of Abydos.

   • c. 1859 BCE – 1840 BCE, The Story of Sinuhe, version B (pBerlin 3022 and pAmherst n-q) line 23:^[2]

     […] ḏd.n.j dpt mwt nn […]

     […] I said “this is the taste of death.” […]

   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 2.4–2.5:

     
     

     ḏr.n ḏd.n.f n.sn jr ntt nbt m zẖꜣ ḥr pꜣ šfdw sḏm st mj ḏd.j st (j)m zn ḥꜣw ḥr šꜣꜣt

     In the end he said to them: As for everything in the writing on this scroll, heed it as I say it; don’t exceed what has been set down.

2. (intransitive) to talk, to speak (+ n: to)
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–21:

     jr r.k m ḫrt-jb.k swrd pw ḏd n.k

     Well, do whatever you want (literally, “as your desire”).^[3] It’s tiring to talk to you.

3. (transitive) to speak (good, evil, truth, falsehood, etc.)
4. (transitive) to narrate, to tell, to report (events or experiences)
5. (transitive) to tell about (a person or thing) (+ n: to)
6. (transitive) to say in writing
7. (transitive) to recite (a spell or other text) (+ ḥr: over (an amulet, etc.))
8. (transitive) to intone, to sing (a song) aloud
9. (transitive) to give away, to tell (a secret)
10. (transitive, law, of witnesses and the accused) to testify
11. (transitive) to give or report (someone’s) name (+ n: to (someone else))
12. (transitive) to call (+ n or r: (someone)) by (a name), to refer to as
13. (transitive) to sing the praises of (something, someone’s power, etc.), to mention with praise
14. (transitive) to predict, to prophesy
15. (transitive, of people or hearts/minds, with sentence as object) to think to, to intend to (do something)

Inflection

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḏd	ḏdw, ḏd	ḏdt	ḏd, j.ḏd	ḏd, j.ḏd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḏd	ḥr ḏd	m ḏd	r ḏd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḏd.n	ḏdw, ḏd	consecutive	ḏd.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḏdt
perfective3	ḏd	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḏd.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḏd, j.ḏd1	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḏd	ḏdd	potentialis1	ḏd.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḏd, j.ḏd1	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḏd.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḏd	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḏd	ḏdd, ḏddj6, ḏd2, ḏdw2 5, ḏdy2 5
imperfective	j.ḏd1, ḏd, ḏdy, ḏdw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	j.ḏd1, j.ḏdw1 5, ḏd, ḏdj6, ḏdy6	ḏd, ḏdw5
prospective	ḏd, ḏdtj7	—	ḏdtj4, ḏdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Conjugation of ḏd (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ḏd, geminated stem: ḏdd

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḏd  

ḏ	ḏd	ḏd	ḏd
[since the Middle Kingdom]	[Late and Greco-Roman Periods]	[Greco-Roman Period]	[Greco-Roman Period]
	occasionally; as if ḏd-mdw	playful spelling	playful spelling

Derived terms

• m ḏd
• r ḏd
• ḥnꜥ-ḏd
• sḏd
• ky-ḏd
• ḏd pw
• ḏd-mdw
• ḏd-ḥr

 

Descendants

• Akhmimic Coptic: ϫⲟⲩ (čou)
• Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)
• Fayyumic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)
• Lycopolitan Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō), ϫⲟⲩ (čou), ϫⲟⲟⲩⲉ (čooue)
• Old Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)
• Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲱ (čō)

Noun

 m

1. infinitive of ḏd: speech, speaking
2. infinitive of ḏd: manner of speech, language

Inflection

singular	ḏd
dual	ḏdwj
plural	ḏdw

Declension of ḏd (masculine)

Derived terms

See under the verb above.

Descendants

See under the verb above.

Verb

1. (Late Egyptian) Alternative form of r ḏd (introduces a direct quotation or object clause)

Descendants

• Coptic: ϫⲉ- (če-)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: djed

Noun

 m

1. stability, lastingness
2. djed pillar
3. epithet of the gods Ptah (in earlier writings) and Osiris (later)

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḏd  

ḏd	ḏd	ḏd	ḏd
		[since the New Kingdom]	[since the Greco-Roman Period]
	sporadically in later writings

Derived terms

• rꜥ-ḏd.f
• ḏj ꜥnḫ ḏd wꜣs

 

Descendants

• Old Coptic: ⲧⲁⲧ (tat)

References

• “ḏd (lemma ID 185810)”, “ḏd (lemma ID 856629)”, “ḏd (lemma ID 400140)”, “ḏd (lemma ID 185830)”, and “Ḏd (lemma ID 185890)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 618.9–625.2, 626.11–627.10
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 325
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 233.
• Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, pages 222, 323

1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 37, 53
2. Allen, James Peter (2015) Middle Egyptian Literature: Eight Literary Works of the Middle Kingdom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 71–72
3. The beginning can alternatively be read as an imperfective emphatic jrr.k ‘You do …’.