sḏd

See also: SDD

Egyptian

Etymology

s- (causative prefix) +‎ ḏd (“to say”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈsicʼtʼit/ → /ˈsit͡ʃʔʼiʔ/ → /ˈset͡ʃʼa/ → /ˈset͡ʃʼə/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsicʼtʼit/ (infinitive)^[1]
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈsit͡ʃʔʼiʔ/ (infinitive); for the change /tʼ/ → /ʔ/ see ḏd
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈset͡ʃʼa/ (infinitive)
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈset͡ʃʼə/ (infinitive)

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /sɛd͡ʒɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: sedjed

Verb

 caus. 2-lit.

1. (transitive) to recount
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) lines 20–23:

     swrd pw ḏd n.k sḏd.j r.f n.k mjtt jrj ḫpr(.w) m-ꜥ.j ḏs.j

     It’s tiring to talk to you. Even so, let me recount to you something similar to this that happened to me myself.

   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor (pHermitage/pPetersburg 1115) line 124:

     ršwj sḏd dpt.n.f zn ḫt mr

     How joyful is he who recounts what he has experienced when a painful thing passes!

Inflection

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
sḏdt, sḏd	sḏdw, sḏd	sḏdt	sḏd	sḏd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
sḏd	ḥr sḏd	m sḏd	r sḏd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	sḏd.n	sḏdw, sḏd	consecutive	sḏd.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	sḏdt
perfective3	sḏd	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	sḏd.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	sḏd	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	sḏdw, sḏd, sḏdy	sḏdw, sḏd, sḏdy	potentialis1	sḏd.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	sḏd	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	sḏd.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	sḏd	active + .tj1, .tw2	sḏd	sḏd, sḏdw5, sḏdy5
imperfective	sḏd, sḏdy, sḏdw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	sḏd, sḏdj6, sḏdy6	sḏd, sḏdw5
prospective	sḏd, sḏdtj7	—	sḏdwtj1 4, sḏdtj4, sḏdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Conjugation of sḏd (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: sḏd

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḏd  

sḏd

Descendants

• Demotic: sḏy
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲉϫⲉ (seče)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁϫⲓ (sači)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲉϫⲓ (šeči)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲉϫⲉ (seče)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲁϫⲉ (šače)

References

• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, pages 89, 113

1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 49, 53