Etymology
Seemingly from a Proto-Indo-European *ksewlo-, which is traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to scrape, comb”) or from *ḱes- (“to cut”), and compared with Lithuanian šùlas (“post, pole, stave”), Russian шу́ло (šúlo, “garden-pole”) (from Proto-Slavic *šulo), Serbo-Croatian šȗlj (“block”), Old High German sūl (“style, pole”), Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌻𐍃 (sauls, “pillar”).
However, Beekes is skeptical of ultimate Indo-European origin, and suspects the Greek, Balto-Slavic, and Germanic terms to be borrowed from a common substrate source.[1] See also ξύω (xúō, “to scrape, polish”), ξόανον (xóanon, “wooden image”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ksý.lon/ → /ˈksy.lon/ → /ˈksi.lon/
Noun
ξῠ́λον • (xŭ́lon) n (genitive ξῠ́λου); second declension
- (mostly in plural) cut wood, timber
- Synonyms: κᾶλον (kâlon), κάστον (káston)
800 BCE – 600 BCE,
Homer,
Iliad 8.507:
- ἐπὶ δὲ ξύλα πολλὰ λέγεσθε, ὥς κεν παννύχιοι μέσφ’ ἠοῦς ἠριγενείης καίωμεν πυρὰ πολλά
- epì dè xúla pollà légesthe, hṓs ken pannúkhioi mésph’ ēoûs ērigeneíēs kaíōmen purà pollá
- And furthermore gather abundant wood, that all night long until early dawn we may burn fires full many.
- piece of wood, log, beam, post
800 BCE – 600 BCE,
Homer,
Iliad 23.327:
- ἕστηκε ξύλον αὖον ὅσον τ’ ὄργυι’ ὑπὲρ αἴης
- héstēke xúlon aûon hóson t’ órgui’ hupèr aíēs
- There standeth, a fathom's height above the ground, a dry stump.
- cudgel, club, stick
460 BCE – 420 BCE,
Herodotus,
Histories 2.63.1:
- οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ αὐτῶν ξύλων κορύνας ἔχοντες ἑστᾶσι τοῦ ἱροῦ ἐν τῇ ἐσόδῳ
- hoi dè polloì autôn xúlōn korúnas ékhontes hestâsi toû hiroû en têi esódōi
- […] while most of them go and stand in the entrance to the temple with clubs in their hands.
- an instrument of punishment: wooden collar, stocks, gallows, stake
460 BCE – 420 BCE,
Herodotus,
Histories 6.75.2:
- ποιέοντα δὲ αὐτὸν ταῦτα καὶ παραφρονήσαντα ἔδησαν οἱ προσήκοντες ἐν ξύλῳ
- poiéonta dè autòn taûta kaì paraphronḗsanta édēsan hoi prosḗkontes en xúlōi
- For doing this, and because he was out of his mind, his relative bound him in the stocks.
- bench, table
384 BCE – 322 BCE,
Demosthenes,
Against Stephanus 1 33:
- ἔστιν οὖν ὅστις ἂν τοῦ ξύλου καὶ τοῦ χωρίου καὶ τῶν γραμματείων τοσαύτην ὑπέμεινε φέρειν μίσθωσιν
- éstin oûn hóstis àn toû xúlou kaì toû khōríou kaì tôn grammateíōn tosaútēn hupémeine phérein místhōsin
- Now, is there any man who would have submitted to the payment of so large a rental for the table, the site, and the books?
- tree
430 BCE – 354 BCE,
Xenophon,
Anabasis 6.4.5:
- τὸ δὲ παρὰ θάλατταν πλέον ἢ ἐπὶ εἴκοσι σταδίους δασὺ πολλοῖς καὶ παντοδαποῖς καὶ μεγάλοις ξύλοις
- tò dè parà thálattan pléon ḕ epì eíkosi stadíous dasù polloîs kaì pantodapoîs kaì megálois xúlois
- The land bordering the coast is thickly covered for more than twenty stadia with an abundance of heavy trees of all sorts.
- blockhead
- a measure of length: 3 or 2
+2⁄3 cubits
Declension
More information Case / #, Singular ...
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Other attested forms: plural ξῠ́λεᾰ (xŭ́leă) (inscription in Kos)
Further reading
- “ξύλον”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ξύλον”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ξύλον”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ξύλον in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- ξύλον in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “ξύλον”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G3586 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- ξύλον in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- billet idem, page 79.
- bludgeon idem, page 85.
- board idem, page 86.
- club idem, page 140.
- collar idem, page 143.
- lath idem, page 478.
- log idem, page 497.
- pillory idem, page 613.
- plank idem, page 617.
- stocks idem, page 819.
- timber idem, page 875.
- wood idem, page 987.
- “ξύλον”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011