ξύω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Hellenic *ksuyō, from Proto-Indo-European *ksuyéti, from *ksew- (“to scrape, shave, scratch”).^[1] Cognate with ξέω (xéō), ξαίνω (xaínō), Latin novācula, saucius, and many others.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ksy̌ː.ɔː/ → /ˈksy.o/ → /ˈksi.o/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /ksy̌ː.ɔː/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈksy.o/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈksy.o/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈksy.o/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈksi.o/

Verb

ξῡ́ω • (xū́ō)

1. to scrape, scratch
2. to plane, smooth, polish
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.456
3. to make smooth or fine, work finely or delicately
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad I4.179
4. to engrave
   • 170 BCE – 90 BCE, Dionysius Thrax, Art of Grammar

Inflection

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ξῡ́ω	ξῡ́εις	ξῡ́ει	ξῡ́ετον	ξῡ́ετον	ξῡ́ομεν	ξῡ́ετε	ξῡ́ουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ξῡ́ω	ξῡ́ῃς	ξῡ́ῃ	ξῡ́ητον	ξῡ́ητον	ξῡ́ωμεν	ξῡ́ητε	ξῡ́ωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ξῡ́οιμῐ	ξῡ́οις	ξῡ́οι	ξῡ́οιτον	ξῡοίτην	ξῡ́οιμεν	ξῡ́οιτε	ξῡ́οιεν
	imperative		ξῦε	ξῡέτω	ξῡ́ετον	ξῡέτων		ξῡ́ετε	ξῡόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ξῡ́ομαι	ξῡ́ῃ, ξῡ́ει	ξῡ́εται	ξῡ́εσθον	ξῡ́εσθον	ξῡόμεθᾰ	ξῡ́εσθε	ξῡ́ονται
	subjunctive	ξῡ́ωμαι	ξῡ́ῃ	ξῡ́ηται	ξῡ́ησθον	ξῡ́ησθον	ξῡώμεθᾰ	ξῡ́ησθε	ξῡ́ωνται
	optative	ξῡοίμην	ξῡ́οιο	ξῡ́οιτο	ξῡ́οισθον	ξῡοίσθην	ξῡοίμεθᾰ	ξῡ́οισθε	ξῡ́οιντο
	imperative		ξῡ́ου	ξῡέσθω	ξῡ́εσθον	ξῡέσθων		ξῡ́εσθε	ξῡέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ξῡ́ειν				ξῡ́εσθαι
participle	m	ξῡ́ων				ξῡόμενος
	f	ξῡ́ουσᾰ				ξῡομένη
	n	ξῦον				ξῡόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Present: ξῡ́ω, ξῡ́ομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔξῡον	ἔξῡες	ἔξῡε(ν)	ἐξῡ́ετον	ἐξῡέτην	ἐξῡ́ομεν	ἐξῡ́ετε	ἔξῡον
middle/ passive	indicative	ἐξῡόμην	ἐξῡ́ου	ἐξῡ́ετο	ἐξῡ́εσθον	ἐξῡέσθην	ἐξῡόμεθᾰ	ἐξῡ́εσθε	ἐξῡ́οντο
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Imperfect: ἔξῡον, ἐξῡόμην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ἔξῡσᾰ	ἔξῡσᾰς	ἔξῡσε(ν)	ἐξῡ́σᾰτον	ἐξῡσᾰ́την	ἐξῡ́σᾰμεν	ἐξῡ́σᾰτε	ἔξῡσᾰν
	subjunctive	ξῡ́σω	ξῡ́σῃς	ξῡ́σῃ	ξῡ́σητον	ξῡ́σητον	ξῡ́σωμεν	ξῡ́σητε	ξῡ́σωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ξῡ́σαιμῐ	ξῡ́σειᾰς, ξῡ́σαις	ξῡ́σειε(ν), ξῡ́σαι	ξῡ́σαιτον	ξῡσαίτην	ξῡ́σαιμεν	ξῡ́σαιτε	ξῡ́σειᾰν, ξῡ́σαιεν
	imperative		ξῦσον	ξῡσᾰ́τω	ξῡ́σᾰτον	ξῡσᾰ́των		ξῡ́σᾰτε	ξῡσᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ἐξῡσᾰ́μην	ἐξῡ́σω	ἐξῡ́σᾰτο	ἐξῡ́σᾰσθον	ἐξῡσᾰ́σθην	ἐξῡσᾰ́μεθᾰ	ἐξῡ́σᾰσθε	ἐξῡ́σᾰντο
	subjunctive	ξῡ́σωμαι	ξῡ́σῃ	ξῡ́σηται	ξῡ́σησθον	ξῡ́σησθον	ξῡσώμεθᾰ	ξῡ́σησθε	ξῡ́σωνται
	optative	ξῡσαίμην	ξῡ́σαιο	ξῡ́σαιτο	ξῡ́σαισθον	ξῡσαίσθην	ξῡσαίμεθᾰ	ξῡ́σαισθε	ξῡ́σαιντο
	imperative		ξῦσαι	ξῡσᾰ́σθω	ξῡ́σᾰσθον	ξῡσᾰ́σθων		ξῡ́σᾰσθε	ξῡσᾰ́σθων
passive	indicative	ἐξῡ́σθην	ἐξῡ́σθης	ἐξῡ́σθη	ἐξῡ́σθητον	ἐξῡσθήτην	ἐξῡ́σθημεν	ἐξῡ́σθητε	ἐξῡ́σθησᾰν
	subjunctive	ξῡσθῶ	ξῡσθῇς	ξῡσθῇ	ξῡσθῆτον	ξῡσθῆτον	ξῡσθῶμεν	ξῡσθῆτε	ξῡσθῶσῐ(ν)
	optative	ξῡσθείην	ξῡσθείης	ξῡσθείη	ξῡσθεῖτον, ξῡσθείητον	ξῡσθείτην, ξῡσθειήτην	ξῡσθεῖμεν, ξῡσθείημεν	ξῡσθεῖτε, ξῡσθείητε	ξῡσθεῖεν, ξῡσθείησᾰν
	imperative		ξῡ́σθητῐ	ξῡσθήτω	ξῡ́σθητον	ξῡσθήτων		ξῡ́σθητε	ξῡσθέντων
		active			middle		passive
infinitive		ξῦσαι			ξῡ́σᾰσθαι		ξῡσθῆναι
participle	m	ξῡ́σᾱς			ξῡσᾰ́μενος		ξῡσθείς
	f	ξῡ́σᾱσᾰ			ξῡσᾰμένη		ξῡσθεῖσᾰ
	n	ξῦσᾰν			ξῡσᾰ́μενον		ξῡσθέν
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

   Aorist: ἔξῡσᾰ, ἐξῡσᾰ́μην, ἐξῡ́σθην

Derived terms

• ξόανον (xóanon)
• ξύλον (xúlon)
• ξυστός (xustós)

References

1. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ξύω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1039-40

Further reading

• “ξύω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ξύω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ξύω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• ξύω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• ξύω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
• ξύω in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
• LSJ 8th edition
• “ξύω”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011