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genus

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

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See also: Genus, ĝenus, and -genus

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology

    Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European *ǵenh₁-
    Proto-Indo-European *-os
    Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os
    Latin genusbor.
    English genus

    Borrowed from Latin genus (“birth, origin, a race, sort, kind”) from the root gen- in Latin gignō (“to beget, produce”). Doublet of gender and genre, further related to kin.

    Pronunciation

    • (UK) enPR: jēn’-əs, jĕn’-əs, IPA(key): /ˈdʒiːnəs/, /ˈdʒɛnəs/
    • (US) enPR: jēn’-əs, IPA(key): /ˈd͡ʒiːnəs/
    • Audio (US):(file)
    • Rhymes: -iːnəs, -ɛnəs
    • Hyphenation: ge‧nus

    Noun

    genus (plural genera or (all nonstandard) genuses or genusses or genii)

    2. (biology, taxonomy) A category in the classification of organisms, ranking below family (Lat. familia) and above species.
      All magnolias belong to the genus Magnolia.
      Other species of the genus Bos are often called cattle or wild cattle.
      There are only two genera and species of seadragons.
      • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster, The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.: Field Museum of Natural History, →ISBN, page 6:
        Müller […] criticized the division of the "Jubuleae" into two families and he cited Jubula as an annectant genus.
      • 2003, James B. Phipps, Robert J. O'Kennon, Ronald W. Lance, Hawthorns and Medlars, Portland, O.R.: Timber Press, →ISBN, page 57:
        Other maloid genera with hard nutlets are Cotoneaster, Hesperomeles, Osteomeles, and Pyracantba, but each of these is quite different from Mespilus and Crataegus.
      1. (by ellipsis) A taxon at this rank.
        Synonym: genus name
        In most cases, at subsequent mentions of the binomial name you can abbreviate the genus with no danger of confusing the reader.
    4. A group with common attributes.
      • 1945, Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy, page 655:
        Recollection is one of a whole genus of effects which are more or less peculiar to the phenomena that we naturally call "mental."
    6. (topology, graph theory, algebraic geometry) A natural number representing any of several related measures of the complexity of a given manifold or graph.
    8. (semantics) Within a definition, a broader category of the defined concept.
    10. (music) A type of tuning or intonation, used within an Ancient Greek tetrachord.

    Usage notes

    Synonyms

    Hyponyms

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    • → Malayalam: ജീനസ് (jīnasŭ)
    • → Swahili: jenasi
    • → Thai: สกุล (sà-gun) (semantic loan)

    Translations

    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    See also

    Further reading

    Anagrams

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    Danish

    Danish Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia da

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Latin genus.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ɡeːnus/, [ˈɡ̊eːnus]

    Noun

    genus n (plural indefinite genus or genera)

    1. (biology, taxonomy) genus
      Synonym: slægt
    2. (grammar) gender
      Synonym: køn

    Further reading

    Dutch

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Latin genus. Doublet of gender and genre.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈɣeː.nʏs/
    • Audio:(file)
    • Hyphenation: ge‧nus

    Noun

    genus n (plural genera)

    1. (botany) a rank in a taxonomic classification, in between family and species
      Synonym: geslacht
    2. (botany) a taxon at this rank
      Synonym: geslacht
    3. (linguistics) gender
      Synonym: geslacht

    Derived terms

    Descendants

    Finnish

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Latin genus.

    Pronunciation

    • IPA(key): /ˈɡenus/, [ˈɡe̞nus̠]
    • Rhymes: -enus
    • Syllabification(key): ge‧nus
    • Hyphenation(key): ge‧nus

    Noun

    genus

    1. (botany) Synonym of suku (“genus”)
    2. (topology) genus
      Synonym: suku

    Declension

    More information nominative, genitive ...
    More information first-person singular possessor, singular ...
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    Indonesian

    Indonesian Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia id

    Etymology

    Borrowed from Dutch genus, from Latin genus. Doublet of gender, genre, and jenis.

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    genus (plural genus-genus)

    1. genus:
      2. (biology, taxonomy) a category in the classification of organisms, ranking below family (Lat. familia) and above species
      3. a group with common attributes
    2. type
    3. class; group

    Derived terms

    • bergenus

    Further reading

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    Latin

    Latin Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia la

    Etymology 1

      From Proto-Italic *genos, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os n (“race”), from the root *ǵenh₁- (“to produce, beget”); compare also gēns, gignō and -gnus, from the same root. From the genitive gener-is (< PIE *ǵénh₁es-os), the sound shift -r- < *-s- can be observed, through which the Old Latin form *genes-is can be reconstructed.

      Cognates include Ancient Greek γένος (génos, “race, stock, kin, kind”), Sanskrit जनस् (jánas, “race, class of beings”), Proto-Celtic *genos (“birth; family”), and English kin. Doublet of genea.

      Pronunciation

      Noun

      genus n (genitive generis); third declension

      1. birth, origin, lineage, descent
      2. kind, type, class
        • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1:
          huic generi militum senatus eundem, quem Cannensibus, finem statuerat militiae.
          For this class of soldier the senate had established a limit in duration to their military service, which was the same as the men at Cannae.
      3. species (general classification, as of living things), taxon (of animal or plant), race (of people or animals)
        • c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III:
          omne adeo genus in terris hominumque ferarumque / et genus aequoreum pecudes pictaeque volucres / in furias ignemque ruunt
          So far does every race on earth of man and beast, / whether the aquatic species, livestock, or painted-winged, / collapse into the frenzies and the fire [of sex].
      4. set, group, category (with common attributes)
      5. (grammar) gender
        • 6th century, Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus (attributed): Commentarium de oratione et de octo partibus orationis. In: „Patrologiae cursus completus sive Bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, omnium ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum qui ab aevo apostolico ad innocentii III tempora floruerunt; […] . Series prima, in qua prodeunt patres, doctores scriptoresque ecclesiae latinae a tertulliano ad gregorium magnum. Accurante J.-P. Migne, cursuum completorum in singulos scientiae ecclesiaticae ramos editore. Patrologiae tomus LXX. Cassiodori tomus posterior. – Magni Aurelii Cassiodori senatoris, viri patricii, consularis, et vivariensis abbatis opera omnia in duos tomos distributa, ad fidem manuscriptiorum codicum emendata et aucta, notis, observationibus et indicibus locupletata, praecedente auctoris vita, quae nunc primum in lucem prodit cum dissertatione de ejus monarchatu. Opera et studio J. Garetii monarchi ordinis sancti Benedicti e congregatione sancti mauri. Nobis autem curantibus accesserunt complexiones in epistolas b. Pauli quas edidit et annotavit scipio Maffeius. Tomus posterior. – Parisiis, venit apud editorem, in via dicta d'amboise, près la barriere d'enfer, ou petit-montrouge. 1847“, p. 1225
          Genera nominum sunt sex: masculinum, ut hic Cato; femininum, ut haec musa; neutrum, ut hoc monile; commune duorum generum, ut hic et haec sacerdos: trium generum, ut hic, et haec, et hoc felix; epicoenon, quod Latine promiscuum dicitur, ut passer, aquila.
          Nouns have six genders: masculine, e.g. hic Cato 'this man Cato'; feminine, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'; neuter, e.g. hoc monile 'this necklace'; common to two genders, e.g. hic et haec sacerdos 'this priest or priestess'; of three genders, e.g. hic, et haec, et hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman or thing'; epicene, called promiscous in Latin, e.g. passer 'sparrow', aquila 'eagle'.
        • 16th century, Andreas Semperius (a.k.a. Andreas Sampere, Andreu Sempere): Andreae Semperii Valentini Alcodiani, doctoris medici, prima grammaticae latinae institutio tribus libris explicata, Majorca/Mallorca, 1819, p.19
          Genera nominum, septem sunt. Masculinum, cui praeponitur hic: ut hic Dominus. Foemineum, cui praeponitur haec: ut haec musa. Neutrum, cui praeponuntur hoc: ut hoc templum. Commune, cui praeponuntur hic, & haec: ut hic, & haec Sacerdos. Omne, cui praeponuntur hic, haec, hoc, vel per tres varias voces inflectitur: ut hic, haec, hoc felix, bonus, bona, bonum. Dubium, quod modo masculinum, modo faemineum, apud Oratores etiam invenitur: ut hic, vel haec dies. Promiscuum, in quo sexus uterque per alterum apparet: ut hic passer, haec aquila, hic lepus.
          Nouns have seven genders. Masculine, which you can precede with hic: hic dominus 'this Lord'. Feminine, which you can precede with haec, e.g. haec musa 'this muse'. Neuter, which you can precede with hoc, e.g. hoc templum 'this temple'. Common, which you can precede with hic and haec: hic & haec sacerdos 'this male or female priest'. Universal, which you can precede with all three of hic, haec, hoc, or which vary in three forms, e.g. hic, haec, hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman, thing', hic bonus, haec bona, hoc bonum 'this good man, good woman, good thing'. Doubtful, which in the orators can be found to be sometimes masculine, sometimes feminine, e.g. hic, vel haec dies 'this day'. Promiscuous, in which a gender appears instead of another, e.g. hic passer 'this sparrow' (always masculine), haec aquila 'this eagle' (always feminine), hic lepus 'this rabbit' (always masculine).
      6. (grammar) subtype of word
        • Aelius Donatus, Ars Minor De Verbo:
          Genera verborum quot sunt? Quinque. Quae? Activa passiva neutra deponentia communia.
          How many types of verbs are there? Five. Which ones? Active, passive, neuter, deponent, common.
        • Maurus Servius Honoratus, Commentarius in Artem Donati:
          Verborum genera quinque sunt, activa passiva neutra communia deponentia.
          There are five types of verbs: active, passive, neuter, common, deponent.
      Declension

      Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

      More information singular, plural ...
      Hyponyms
      Derived terms
      Descendants
      • Catalan: gens
      • Franco-Provençal: gins
      • Old French: giens

      Unsorted borrowings:

      Etymology 2

      Pronunciation

      Noun

      genūs

      1. genitive singular of genū̆

      References

      • “genus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
      • “genus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
      • "genus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
      • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
        • an Englishman by birth: natione, genere Anglus
        • the position of the lower classes: condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis
        • from this point of view; similarly: quo in genere
        • from every point of view; looked at in every light: omni ex parte; in omni genere; omnibus rebus
        • to be engaged in any branch of study: in aliquo litterarum genere versari
        • the species is subordinate the genus: partes generibus subiectae sunt
        • to differ qualitatively not quantitatively: genere, non numero or magnitudine differre
        • this word is neuter: hoc vocabulum generis neutri (not neutrius) est)
        • to be of noble family: generis antiquitate florere
        • of illustrious family: nobili, honesto, illustri loco or genere natus
        • people of every rank: homines omnis generis
        • the aristocracy (as a social class): nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt
        • (ambiguous) the male, female sex: sexus (not genus) virilis, muliebris
        • (ambiguous) to choose a career, profession: genus vitae (vivendi) or aetatis degendae deligere
        • (ambiguous) to analyse a general division into its specific parts: genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere (Or. 33. 117)
        • (ambiguous) to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poesy: poesis genus ad Romanos transferre
        • (ambiguous) style: genus dicendi (scribendi); oratio
        • (ambiguous) elevated, moderate, plain style: genus dicendi grave or grande, medium, tenue (cf. Or. 5. 20; 6. 21)
        • (ambiguous) a running style: fusum orationis genus
        • (ambiguous) a rough, unpolished style: inconditum dicendi genus (Brut. 69. 242)
        • (ambiguous) a bombastic style: inflatum orationis genus
        • (ambiguous) to adopt the language of everyday life: accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus
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      Norwegian Nynorsk

      Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia nn

      Etymology

      From Latin genus.

      Noun

      genus m or n (definite singular genusen or genuset, indefinite plural genera or genus, definite plural genera or generaa or genusa or genusane)

      1. (biology, taxonomy) genus
      2. (grammar) gender
      3. (grammar) voice

      References

      Swedish

      Swedish Wikipedia has an article on:
      Wikipedia sv

      Etymology

      Borrowed from Latin genus.

      Noun

      genus n

      1. (grammar) gender (division of nouns and pronouns)
      2. (social) gender, sex (social issues of being man or woman)

      Usage notes

      • Biological gender is called kön. The Latin word genus is used for grammar and more recently for gender studies.

      Declension

      More information nominative, genitive ...

      Synonyms

      • genusforskning
      • genusfråga
      • genuspedagogik
      • genusperspektiv
      • genusteori
      • genusväxling
      • genusändelse

      References

      Anagrams

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