-de
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Appendix:Variations of "de"
Etymology
Suffix
-de
- -st, -th, -nd; Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.
Usage notes
The ordinal numbers 2 to 19, except for 8, are formed with this suffix. The ordinals of 1, 8 and numbers greater than 19 are formed with -ste, except where hundred, thousand, etc., combine with a number between 2 and 19, for example honderd-en-tweede (“hundred and second”), honderd-en-vyfde (“hundred and fifth”), but honderd-en-agtste (“hundred and eighth”).
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de).
Coordinate terms
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Compare English -th in fourth and German -te in zweite.
Alternative forms
Suffix
-de
- Forms ordinal numbers from cardinal numbers.
Usage notes
The ordinal numbers of all numbers from 1 to 19 are formed with this suffix, except eerste and achtste. Ordinals of higher numbers are formed with -ste.
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de, 9de). The e is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2de, 9de), but this is discouraged by the Dutch Language Union.[1]
Etymology 2
Cognate with English -ed; derives from a Germanic verb form of to do.
Alternative forms
- -te (after voiceless consonants)
Suffix
-de
Etymology 3
From Middle Dutch -dī, from a contraction of the þ in Proto-Germanic *-aiþ (second person plural ending) and *jīz (“you (plural)”),[2] somewhat comparable to Icelandic þér. Sometimes incorrectly seen as a remnant of Middle Dutch du (“you”).
Alternative forms
- -te (after voiceless consonants)
Suffix
-de (Belgium, Brabant, colloquial)
References
Etymology
From Middle High German -ede, from Old High German -ida, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Compare the equally rare doublet -te (from Low German). Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-de
- (rare, not productive) forms abstract nouns from adjectives
Derived terms
Pronunciation
Suffix
-de
Usage notes
Declension
More information Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony), singular ...
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -de | -dék |
| accusative | -dét | -déket |
| dative | -dének | -déknek |
| instrumental | -dével | -dékkel |
| causal-final | -déért | -dékért |
| translative | -dévé | -dékké |
| terminative | -déig | -dékig |
| essive-formal | -deként | -dékként |
| essive-modal | -déül | -dékül |
| inessive | -dében | -dékben |
| superessive | -dén | -déken |
| adessive | -dénél | -déknél |
| illative | -débe | -dékbe |
| sublative | -dére | -dékre |
| allative | -déhez | -dékhez |
| elative | -déből | -dékből |
| delative | -déről | -dékről |
| ablative | -détől | -déktől |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
-déé | -déké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
-dééi | -dékéi |
Close
More information Possessive forms of, possessor ...
| Possessive forms of -de | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | -dém | -déim |
| 2nd person sing. | -déd | -déid |
| 3rd person sing. | -déje | -déi |
| 1st person plural | -dénk | -déink |
| 2nd person plural | -détek | -déitek |
| 3rd person plural | -déjük | -déik |
Close
Derived terms
See also
Etymology
From Middle Low German -ede, from Old Saxon -itha, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō. Cognate with Dutch -te, English -th.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-de
- appended to an adjective, it makes a feminine noun referring to the size of the quality referred to by the adjective, cognate to -th.
- appended to the stem of a verb, yields a feminine noun which refers to the object of such a verb.
Usage notes
The use of the suffix is widespread in Northern Germany, however, some Low German varieties show a partial or complete suppression of the suffix. Most words listed above can also be found without the suffix, though this varies depending on the person speaking and the word. For example, Süükde is more often found as Süük with no suffix, than the original form with suffix. Hööchde can be found as Hööchd and Leevde as Leevd, with loss of the final -e. Though this process exists, the forms in -de remain largely prominent, with the notable exception of the following words: Süükde → Süük, Stillde → Still, Mengde → Meng, Stärkde → both Stärkde and Stärkd. Some words show only a form in -t, which is basically derived from the -de suffix. Examples of such words are Grött (“size”) and Hitt (“heat”).
Derived terms
Related terms
Suffix
-de
- Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)
Etymology
Cognates include Minica Huitoto -de and Nüpode Huitoto -de.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-de
- Used to derive verbs from roots.
Conjugation
More information Nonfuture indicative, Future indicative ...
| Nonfuture indicative | Future indicative | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | affirmative | negative | ||||||
| m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | ||
| 1st sg | -dɨkue | -ñedɨkue | 1st sg | -itɨkue | -ñeitɨkue | ||||
| 2nd sg | -do | -ñedo | 2nd sg | -ito | -ñeito | ||||
| 3rd sg anim1) | -dɨmɨe | -dɨñaiño | -ñedɨmɨe | -ñedɨñaiño | 3rd sg anim1) | -itɨmɨe | -itɨñaiño | -ñeitɨmɨe | -ñeitɨñaiño |
| 1st du | -dɨkoko | -dɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñedɨkoko | -ñedɨkaɨñaɨ | 1st du | -itɨkoko | -itɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñeitɨkoko | -ñeitɨkaɨñaɨ |
| 2nd du | -domɨko | -domɨñoɨ | -ñedomɨko | -ñedomɨñoɨ | 2nd du | -itomɨko | -itomɨñoɨ | -ñeitomɨko | -ñeitomɨñoɨ |
| 3rd du anim1) | -daɨmaiaɨ | -daɨñuaɨ | -ñedaɨmaiaɨ | -ñedaɨñuaɨ | 3rd du anim1) | -itaɨmaiaɨ | -itaɨñuaɨ | -ñeitaɨmaiaɨ | -ñeitaɨñuaɨ |
| 1st pl | -dɨkaɨ | -ñedɨkaɨ | 1st pl | -itɨkaɨ | -ñeitɨkaɨ | ||||
| 2nd pl | -domoɨ | -ñedomoɨ | 2nd pl | -itomoɨ | -ñeitomoɨ | ||||
| 3rd pl anim1) | -dɨmakɨ | -ñedɨmakɨ | 3rd pl anim1) | -itɨmakɨ | -ñeitɨmakɨ | ||||
| 3rd neut | -de | -ñede | 3rd neut | -ite | -ñeite | ||||
| Imperative | Apprehensive | Future event | Passive | Negative passive | Overlap | ||||
| simple | immediate | prohibitive | nonfuture | future | nonfuture | future | |||
| -no! | -nokai! | -ñeno! | -iza! | -ye | -ga | -yɨ | -ñega | -ñeyɨ | -kana |
| Conditional | 1) The animate 3rd person inflections are only used when the animacy of the subject needs to be emphasised. Otherwise, the neutral 3rd singular is used. *) Same-time forms may be formed from any indicative form by adding the ending -mo directly to the inflected form. **) The evidentiality markers -dɨ, -za and -ta may be added to any indicative form. | ||||||||
| real | hypothetical | immediate | |||||||
| -ia | -na | -kaina | |||||||
Close
Conjugation of -de
Derived terms
References
Alternative forms
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Celtic *-adyos, cognate with Middle Breton -eid.[1]
Suffix
-de
- Used to form adjectives from nouns, denoting quality, kind, origin or material.
Derived terms
References
Further reading
- Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2017) D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 347
Alternative forms
Suffix
-de
- Creates the past tense of weak verbs in the first conjugation.
Usage notes
Colloquially the suffix can be completely dropped and it is understood out of context that it is the past and not nominative sense that is used. In written form to clarify however, it might be good to mark this out with an apostrophe ('). Example of this:
Jag simma' 25 meter!
- I swam 25 meters!
See also
Anagrams
Etymology
From Ottoman Turkish ـدا (-de, “locative suffix”), from Proto-Turkic *-te (“locative suffix”), front vowel variant of *-ta. Cognate with Karakhanid ـدا (-dē, “locative suffix”), Old Turkic 𐱅𐰀 (t²a /-te/, “locative suffix”).
Pronunciation
Suffix
-de
- Used to form locative of nouns.
- Indicates time, at
- beşte ― at five o'clock
- kapanış saatinde ― at closing time
- when
- Yoğun bakımda kendine geldiğinde ilk sözü "Ne zaman aşı yaptırabilirim" oldu.
- First thing he said when he regained consciousness in the intensive care was "when can I get vaccinated".
- over
Usage notes
- This version is used when the noun's final vowel is a front vowel (Ee, İi, Öö, or Üü).
- In cases where a noun's final vowel is a back vowel (Aa, Iı, Oo, or Uu) and doesn't end with a clear l sound, it takes the form “-da”.
- It takes the form of “-te” when the noun’s final consonant is devoiced.
- ofis → ofiste
- An apostrophe is mandatory when forming the locative of a proper noun.
- Türkiye → Türkiye’de
Derived terms
Related terms
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Suffix
-de
- -'s, of (but with the order switched); attached to nouns to mark the genitive case.
- nga-n-de hua
- our speech (the local name for the Wutunhua language)
- gu da gejhai-de niren-ha gga-la-di mi-li.
- He doesn't like his girlfriend anymore.
- (Quoted in Sandman, p. 94)
- ngu reben-de ren-ha qong-je-lio.
- I met a person from Japan.
- (Quoted in Sandman, p. 120)
- that, who; attached to nouns, adjectives, verbs, or phrases to mark them as attributive.
- jjekzhen je-ge-li zui xho-de ti
- the best place in this world; the place which is best in this world
- (Quoted in Sandman, p. 146)
- -ing; attached to verbals to form a noun phrase or nominal expression.
- gu qhi-di-de-ge ngu sawo jedo-gu-lio.
- I know that he went away.
- (literally, “[As for] his going, I know it.”)
- (Quoted in Sandman, p. 142)
- -er; attached to verbs to form agent nouns.
- lu wanlan-de ― construction worker (literally, “road-maker”)
- xai-de ― writing tool (literally, “writer”)
- en lhazzo-de bbakzzo-de en da rek mezzhawo jhi-ge yek-li.
- [There are] thangka painters and mask painters; there are different kinds of professionals.
- (Quoted in Sandman, p. 140)
- Attached for emphasis.
- a a da mazang-de.
- Oh, oh, that is very bad!
- (Quoted in Sandman, p. 141)
Etymology 2
Suffix
-de
- so much that (attached to the main verb)
- gu ni ddo-di-de gu-dera qe-di mi-li.
- S/he thinks about you so much that it is impossible for him/her to eat any of those.
- (Quoted in Sandman, p. 137)
- Attached to the main verb to indicate that the subsequent verb or adjective is used as an adverb of the main verb.
- gu xai-de xaige xho-li.
- S/he writes very well.
- (Quoted in Sandman, p. 137)
References
- Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun, University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN
More information ALIV, Brazilian standard ...
| ALIV | -de |
|---|---|
| Brazilian standard | -de |
| New Tribes | -de |
Close
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Suffix
-de
- intensifier that attaches to adverbs, used especially in contexts of surprise
- used in certain contexts to soften speech or make it more polite
Usage notes
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
Etymology 2
Suffix
-de
Usage notes
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes lengthening of the preceding vowel of the word it attaches to.
References
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