近
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Han character
近 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹一中 (YHML), four-corner 32302, composition ⿺辶斤)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1254, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38752
- Dae Jaweon: page 1736, character 18
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3819, character 12
- Unihan data for U+8FD1
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 近 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 蘄 | *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn |
| 祈 | *ɡɯl |
| 頎 | *ɡɯl |
| 旂 | *ɡɯl |
| 圻 | *ɡɯl, *ŋɡɯːn, *ŋɡɯn |
| 蚚 | *ɡɯl, *ɡɯːls |
| 岓 | *ɡɯl |
| 玂 | *ɡɯl |
| 沂 | *ŋɡɯl |
| 掀 | *qʰan |
| 釿 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋkɯn |
| 齗 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯn |
| 听 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯnʔ |
| 垽 | *ŋrɯns, *qɯns |
| 斤 | *kɯn, *kɯns |
| 菦 | *kɯnʔ |
| 靳 | *kɯns |
| 劤 | *kɯns |
| 勁 | *kɯns, *keŋs |
| 赾 | *kʰɯnʔ |
| 芹 | *ɡɯn |
| 近 | *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns |
| 斦 | *ŋɡɯn |
| 欣 | *qʰɯn |
| 忻 | *qʰɯn |
| 昕 | *qʰɯn |
| 訢 | *qʰɯn |
| 炘 | *qʰɯn, *qʰɯns |
| 邤 | *qʰɯn |
| 庍 | *qʰɯns, *mpreːɡs |
| 焮 | *qʰɯns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) : semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) – to be near something.
Etymology
Karlgren (1933) relates 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) to 幾 (OC *kɯl, “imminent”).
近 (OC *ɡɯns, “to come near to; to approach”) is the exoactive/causative derivation of 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, “to be near”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Compare Proto-Vietic *t-kəɲ, whence Vietnamese gần (“near”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jin4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җин (žin, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): qin5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jing3
- Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̄ing
- Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyng5
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6jin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jin5 / jin4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
- Wade–Giles: chin4
- Yale: jìn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
- Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jin4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gin
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җин (žin, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kan5 / gan6
- Yale: káhn / gahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: kan5 / gan6
- Guangdong Romanization: ken5 / gen6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɐn¹³/, /kɐn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- kan5 - vernacular;
- gan6 - literary.
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: kin1 / gin5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰin³³/, /kin³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- kin1 - vernacular;
- gin5 - literary.
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qin5
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰin¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiun / khiûn
- Hakka Romanization System: kiun / kiunˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kiun4 / kiun1
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯un⁵⁵/, /kʰi̯un²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Sixian:
- khiun - literary;
- khiûn - vernacular.
- Meixian:
- kiun4 - literary;
- kiun1 - vernacular.
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jing3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕĩŋ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̄ing
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng
- Sinological IPA (key): /køyŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gyng5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyŋ²¹/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung, Penang)
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǐrn
- Tâi-lô: kǐrn
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: geng6 / gêng6 / ging6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳ̆ng / kĕng / kĭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɯŋ³⁵/, /keŋ³⁵/, /kiŋ³⁵/
- geng6 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
- gêng6 - Jieyang;
- ging6 - Chaoyang.
Note:
Note:
Note:
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: gj+nX, gj+nH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kərʔ/, /*s-N-kərʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯnʔ/, /*ɡɯns/
Definitions
近
- (of distances) near; close
- (of time) near; close
- intimate; close (on affectionate terms)
- to approach; to be close to
- easy to understand
- (Wenzhounese) to make a profit; to earn
Synonyms
- (near; close):
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 近, 邇 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 近 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 近 |
| Taiwan | 近 | |
| Singapore | 近 | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 近 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 近 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 近 |
| Wuhan | 近 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 近 |
| Hefei | 近 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 近 |
| Hong Kong | 近 | |
| Yangjiang | 近 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 近 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 近 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 近 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 近 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 近 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 近 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 近 |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 近 | |
| Chaozhou | 近 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 近 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 近 |
| Wenzhou | 近 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 近 |
| Shuangfeng | 近 | |
- (intimate):
- 同衾 (tóngqīn) (literary, figuratively)
- 周密 (zhōumì) (literary, of dealings)
- 密切 (mìqiè)
- 接近 (jiējìn)
- 火熱／火热 (huǒrè)
- 熱和／热和 (rèhuo) (colloquial)
- 熱火／热火 (rèhuǒ) (colloquial)
- 知心 (zhīxīn)
- 緊密／紧密 (jǐnmì)
- 親切／亲切 (qīnqiè)
- 親善／亲善 (qīnshàn) (of relations between countries)
- 親密／亲密 (qīnmì)
- 親熱／亲热 (qīnrè)
- 親近／亲近 (qīnjìn)
- 貼己／贴己 (tiējǐ)
- 貼身／贴身 (tiēshēn)
- 近乎 (jìnhu) (colloquial)
- 過心／过心 (guòxīn) (regional)
- 體己／体己
Compounds
- 不近人情 (bùjìn-rénqíng)
- 不近情理
- 不遠不近／不远不近
- 中近景
- 假性近視／假性近视
- 傅近 (fùjìn)
- 最近 (zuìjìn)
- 凡近
- 切近 (qièjìn)
- 四近
- 大近視眼／大近视眼
- 套近乎 (tàojìnhū)
- 將近／将近 (jiāngjìn)
- 就近 (jiùjìn)
- 左近 (zuǒjìn)
- 平易近人 (píngyìjìnrén)
- 平易近民
- 年近古稀
- 年近花甲
- 急功近利 (jígōngjìnlì)
- 急功近名
- 性情相近
- 思深語近／思深语近
- 恤近忽遠／恤近忽远
- 悅近來遠／悦近来远
- 愛遠惡近／爱远恶近
- 抄近路 (chāo jìnlù)
- 拉近
- 拉近乎
- 挨近 (āijìn)
- 接近 (jiējìn)
- 捨近務遠／舍近务远
- 捨近即遠／舍近即远
- 捨近求遠／舍近求远 (shějìnqiúyuǎn)
- 料遠若近／料远若近
- 新近 (xīnjìn)
- 方近
- 晚近
- 淺近／浅近 (qiǎnjìn)
- 湊近／凑近 (còujìn)
- 漸近／渐近 (jiànjìn)
- 相近 (xiāngjìn)
- 短視近利／短视近利
- 能近取譬
- 臨近／临近 (línjìn)
- 舍近謀遠／舍近谋远
- 要近
- 親疏遠近／亲疏远近
- 親近／亲近 (qīnjìn)
- 言近指遠／言近指远
- 言近旨遠／言近旨远
- 貴近／贵近
- 貼近／贴近 (tiējìn)
- 貴遠賤近／贵远贱近
- 貴遠鄙近／贵远鄙近
- 走近 (zǒujìn)
- 身遠心近／身远心近
- 近上
- 近世 (jìnshì)
- 近世史
- 近乎
- 近人 (jìnrén)
- 近代 (jìndài)
- 近似 (jìnsì)
- 近作 (jìnzuò)
- 近似值 (jìnsìzhí)
- 近侍 (jìnshì)
- 近來／近来 (jìnlái)
- 近便 (jìnbiàn)
- 近傍
- 近前 (jìnqián)
- 近古 (jìngǔ)
- 近名
- 近因 (jìnyīn)
- 近在咫尺 (jìnzàizhǐchǐ)
- 近在眉睫
- 近在眼前
- 近年 (jìnnián)
- 近思錄／近思录
- 近悅遠來／近悦远来
- 近情
- 近情近理
- 近憂／近忧 (jìnyōu)
- 近房
- 近攝鏡頭／近摄镜头
- 近支
- 近新來／近新来
- 近旁 (jìnpáng)
- 近日 (jìnrì)
- 近日點／近日点 (jìnrìdiǎn)
- 近景
- 近期 (jìnqī)
- 近朱近墨
- 近東／近东 (Jìndōng)
- 近歲／近岁
- 近水樓臺／近水楼台 (jìnshuǐlóutái)
- 近況／近况 (jìnkuàng)
- 近海 (jìnhǎi)
- 近海漁業／近海渔业
- 近火先燋
- 近焦攝影／近焦摄影
- 近理 (jìnlǐ)
- 近甸
- 近畿 (jìnjī)
- 近視／近视 (jìnshì)
- 近視眼／近视眼 (jìnshìyǎn)
- 近程目標／近程目标
- 近習／近习
- 近臣 (jìnchén)
- 近處／近处 (jìnchù)
- 近親／近亲 (jìnqīn)
- 近觀／近观
- 近郊 (jìnjiāo)
- 近郊農業／近郊农业
- 近鄉情怯／近乡情怯
- 近鄰／近邻 (jìnlín)
- 近體詩／近体诗 (jìntǐshī)
- 迫近 (pòjìn)
- 週近／周近
- 逼近 (bījìn)
- 道近易從／道近易从
- 遠交近攻／远交近攻 (yuǎnjiāojìngōng)
- 遠愁近慮／远愁近虑
- 遠近／远近 (yuǎnjìn)
- 遠近知名／远近知名
- 遠近聞名／远近闻名
- 遠近馳名／远近驰名 (yuǎnjìnchímíng)
- 鄙近
- 鄰近／邻近 (línjìn)
- 鄰近色／邻近色
- 附近 (fùjìn)
- 靠近 (kàojìn)
- 鞭辟近裡
- 馳名遠近／驰名远近
Further reading
- “Entry #4504”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
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