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艱難

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: 艰难

Chinese

More information difficult; hard; hardship, disaster; distress; to scolddisaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good ...
difficult; hard; hardship
disaster; distress; to scold
disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
 
trad. (艱難) 艱 難
simp. (艰难) 艰 难
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Pronunciation

More information Rime, Character ...
Rime
Character 艱 難
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 山 (73) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II I
Fanqie 古閑切 那干切
Baxter kean nan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kˠɛn/ /nɑn/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kᵚæn/ /nɑn/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kæn/ /nɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kəɨn/ /nan/
Li
Rong		 /kɛn/ /nɑn/
Wang
Li		 /kæn/ /nɑn/
Bernhard
Karlgren		 /kăn/ /nɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiān nán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gaan1 naan4
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More information Character, Reading # ...
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 艱 難
Reading # 1/1 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jiān nán
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kɛn › ‹ nan ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kˁrə[r]/ /*nˁar/
English difficulty difficult

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
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More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 艱 難
Reading # 1/1 1/2
No. 3912 4897
Phonetic
component		 艮 暵
Rime
group		 文 元
Rime
subdivision		 1 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 閒 難
Old
Chinese		 /*krɯːn/ /*n̥ʰaːn/
Notes 朱駿聲暵省聲
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Adjective

艱難

  1. hard; difficult; challenging
    時局艱難／时局艰难  ―  shíjú jiānnán  ―  difficult political situation

Synonyms

More information Variety, Location ...
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 難, 困難, 艱難
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 難, 困難, 艱難
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 難
Taiwan 難
Singapore 難
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 難
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 難
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 難
Wuhan 難
Guilin 難
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 難
Hefei 難
Cantonese Guangzhou 難, 惡 †
Hong Kong 難, 惡 †
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 難
Taishan 難, 惡 †
Yangjiang 難, 惡 †
Singapore (Guangfu) 難
Gan Nanchang 難
Hakka Meixian 難
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 難
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 難
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 難
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 難
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 難
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 難
Jin Taiyuan 難
Northern Min Jian'ou 難
Eastern Min Fuzhou 艱難, 難
Southern Min Xiamen 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Quanzhou 惡
Jinjiang 難
Zhangzhou 惡
Zhao'an 惡, 䆀 †
Dongshan 惡
Taipei 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 惡
Kaohsiung 惡
Yilan 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 惡
Taichung 惡
Tainan 惡, 歹 †
Hsinchu 惡
Kinmen 惡
Penghu (Magong) 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦, 歹 †
Singapore (Hokkien) 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦, 惡, 歹 †
Chaozhou 惡
Shantou 難, 惡
Shantou (Chenghai) 惡
Jieyang 惡, 艱苦
Haifeng 惡
Singapore (Teochew) 惡, 歹 †
Leizhou 惡
Wenchang 惡
Haikou 惡
Singapore (Hainanese) 惡
Puxian Min Putian 惡
Xianyou 惡
Wu Suzhou 難
Wenzhou 難
Xiang Changsha 難
Shuangfeng 難
Note † - only used with a verbal complement
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Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (艱難):
  • → Japanese: 艱難(かんなん) (kannan)
  • → Korean: 간난(艱難) (gannan)
  • → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難)

See also

Japanese

Korean

Vietnamese

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