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艱苦
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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See also: 艰苦
Chinese
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan1 fu2
- Hakka
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jiānkǔ
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jiankǔ
- Wade–Giles: chien1-kʻu3
- Yale: jyān-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiankuu
- Palladius: цзяньку (czjanʹku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gaan1 fu2
- Yale: gāan fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: gaan1 fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: gan1 fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaːn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiên-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˊ kuˋ / gienˊ kuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 ku3 / gian1 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯en²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-khú / kiân-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˊ kuˋ / gianˊ kuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gan1 ku3 / gian1 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ kʰu³¹/, /ki̯an²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: ganˋ kuˊ
- Sinological IPA: /kan⁵³ kʰu²⁴/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: kan-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: kanqor
- IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /kan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: kian-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: kienqor
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Penang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khan-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: khan-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: qanqor
- IPA (Penang): /kʰan³³⁻²¹ kʰɔ⁴⁴⁵/
- IPA (Philippines): /kʰan³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gang1 kou2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang khóu
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
Adjective
艱苦
- arduous; laborious
- (Hokkien, Teochew) difficult; hard
- (Hokkien, Teochew) agonizing; hard to bear; unwell
- (Hokkien) poor; impoverished
Synonyms
- (laborious):
- 不容易 (bùróngyì)
- 勤 (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
- 困難 / 困难
- 疑難 / 疑难 (yínán)
- 硬斗 (Hokkien)
- 硬氣 / 硬气 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
- 硬水 (Hokkien)
- 硬繚 / 硬缭 (Hokkien)
- 硬頭 / 硬头 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)
- 艱巨 / 艰巨 (jiānjù)
- 艱辛 / 艰辛 (jiānxīn)
- 艱難 / 艰难 (jiānnán)
- 苦難 / 苦难 (kǔnàn)
- 辛勞 / 辛劳 (xīnláo)
- 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
- 難 / 难
- (poor):
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 困乏 (kùnfá) (formal)
- 困窘 (kùnjiǒng)
- 困窮 / 困穷 (kùnqióng)
- 困苦 (kùnkǔ)
- 困難 / 困难
- 困頓 / 困顿 (kùndùn)
- 宋凶 (Hokkien)
- 散 (Hokkien)
- 散凶 (Hokkien)
- 散赤 (Hokkien)
- 清苦 (qīngkǔ) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 淡薄 (dànbó) (literary)
- 清貧 / 清贫 (qīngpín) (especially of scholars and intellectuals)
- 㾪赤 (Hokkien)
- 磽 / 硗 (Teochew)
- 䆀康 (Hokkien)
- 空乏 (kòngfá) (literary)
- 窄
- 窘促 (jiǒngcù) (literary)
- 窘困 (jiǒngkùn)
- 窘迫 (jiǒngpò)
- 窮 / 穷 (qióng)
- 窮乏 / 穷乏 (qióngfá) (literary)
- 窮困 / 穷困 (qióngkùn)
- 窮㾪 / 穷㾪 (Hokkien)
- 窮苦 / 穷苦 (qióngkǔ)
- 窮赤 / 穷赤 (Hokkien)
- 苦寒 (kǔhán)
- 貧乏 / 贫乏 (pínfá)
- 貧困 / 贫困 (pínkùn)
- 貧寒 / 贫寒 (pínhán)
- 貧瘠 / 贫瘠 (pínjí) (literary)
- 貧窮 / 贫穷 (pínqióng)
- 貧苦 / 贫苦 (pínkǔ)
Derived terms
Verb
艱苦
- (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fall ill; to be ill
Synonyms
Descendants
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Vietnamese
Adjective
艱苦
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