臨

See also: 临

臨 U+81E8, 臨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-81E8 ← 臧 [U+81E7] CJK Unified Ideographs 臩 → [U+81E9]

臨 U+F9F6, 臨 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9F6 ← 淋 [U+F9F5] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 立 → [U+F9F7]

Translingual

Han character

臨 (Kangxi radical 131, 臣+11, 17 strokes in Chinese, 18 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸中人口口 (SLORR), four-corner 7876₆, composition ⿰臣⿱𠂉品)

Derived characters

• 瀶, 𠐼, 𡄦, 𤄈, 𮟤

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 999, character 24
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30087
• Dae Jaweon: page 1451, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2802, character 19
• Unihan data for U+81E8
• Unihan data for U+F9F6

Chinese

Glyph origin

	Old Chinese
臨	*b·rɯm, *b·rɯms
瀶	*b·rɯm
品	*pʰrɯmʔ

Characters in the same phonetic series (品) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms) : semantic 臣 (“eye”) + semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 品 (OC *pʰrɯmʔ, “objects”) – a person looking down at some objects.

Alternatively analyzed as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rɯm, *b·rɯms) : semantic 臥 + phonetic 品 (OC *pʰrɯmʔ).

Etymology 1

trad.		臨
simp.		临
alternative forms		𦣲 𦣷 瀶 ancient

Pronunciation 1

Rime
Character	臨
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力尋切
Baxter	lim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/lim/
Shao Rongfen	/ljem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lim/
Li Rong	/liəm/
Wang Li	/lĭĕm/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lam4

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	臨
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lín
Middle Chinese	‹ lim ›
Old Chinese	/*(p.)rum/
English	look down at
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	臨
Reading #	1/2
No.	9801
Phonetic component	品
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	林
Old Chinese	/*b·rɯm/

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): lín (lin²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nin²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лин (lin, I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lam⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): lìm

  (Meixian, Guangdong): lim²

• Jin (Wiktionary): ling¹
• Eastern Min (BUC): lìng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lîm / liâm / lêm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lim⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶lin

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lín
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lín
    • Wade–Giles: lin²
    • Yale: lín
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lin
    • Palladius: линь (linʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lin³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: nin²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lin
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /nin²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лин (lin, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lam⁴
    • Yale: làhm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lam⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: lem⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐm²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm
    • Hakka Romanization System: lim^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lim²
    • Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: lim²
    • Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: ling¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /lĩŋ¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm
    • Tâi-lô: lîm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liim
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /lim²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lim¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lim²³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâm
    • Tâi-lô: liâm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liaam
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /liam²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liam¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liam²³/
  • (Hokkien: Hui'an)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêm
    • Tâi-lô: lêm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: leem
    • IPA (Hui'an): /lem²⁴/

Note:

• lîm - literary;
• liâm - vernacular (limited, e.g. 臨邊, 臨捷).

• • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lim⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lîm
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lim⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶lin
    • MiniDict: lin^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³lin
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /lin²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: lim

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*(p.)rum/

  (Zhengzhang): /*b·rɯm/

Definitions

臨

1. to overlook; to look over; to look down at
2. to come down; to descend
3. to arrive
4. to face; to border; to be adjacent to
5. to be faced with; to be confronted by
6. just before; approaching; about to
7. to copy; to trace
8. (historical) a type of siege engine
9. 19th hexagram of the I Ching
10. a surname

Compounds

• 事到臨頭／事到临头
• 五福臨門／五福临门 (wǔfúlínmén)
• 來臨／来临 (láilín)
• 俯臨／俯临
• 光臨／光临 (guānglín)
• 兵臨城下／兵临城下 (bīnglínchéngxià)
• 到臨／到临
• 唐臨晉帖／唐临晋帖
• 單格臨書／单格临书
• 大禍臨頭／大祸临头
• 大難臨頭／大难临头 (dànànlíntóu)
• 大駕光臨／大驾光临
• 如履如臨／如履如临
• 如臨大敵／如临大敌 (rúlíndàdí)
• 如臨深淵／如临深渊 (rúlínshēnyuān)
• 如臨深谷／如临深谷
• 如臨淵谷／如临渊谷
• 將臨期／将临期 (jiānglínqī)
• 對臨／对临
• 屆臨／届临
• 居高臨下／居高临下 (jūgāolínxià)
• 履薄臨深／履薄临深
• 恩臨／恩临
• 惠臨／惠临
• 意臨／意临
• 握圖臨宇／握图临宇
• 揮翰臨池／挥翰临池
• 死臨侵／死临侵
• 瀕臨／濒临 (bīnlín)
• 照臨／照临 (zhàolín)
• 犬牙相臨／犬牙相临
• 玉樹臨風／玉树临风 (yùshùlínfēng)
• 登山臨水／登山临水
• 登臨／登临 (dēnglín)
• 盛氣臨人／盛气临人
• 監臨／监临
• 監臨自盜／监临自盗
• 禍到臨頭／祸到临头
• 移臨／移临
• 背臨／背临
• 臨了／临了 (línliǎo)
• 臨事以懼／临事以惧
• 臨事而懼／临事而惧
• 臨人／临人
• 臨凡／临凡
• 臨刑／临刑 (línxíng)
• 臨別／临别 (línbié)
• 臨別依依／临别依依
• 臨制／临制
• 臨到／临到 (líndào)
• 臨危／临危 (línwēi)
• 臨危下石／临危下石
• 臨危不亂／临危不乱 (línwēibùluàn)
• 臨危不懼／临危不惧
• 臨危不撓／临危不挠
• 臨危不顧／临危不顾
• 臨危受命／临危受命
• 臨危履冰／临危履冰
• 臨危授命／临危授命 (línwēishòumìng)
• 臨危效命／临危效命
• 臨危自悔／临危自悔
• 臨危自省／临危自省
• 臨危自計／临危自计
• 臨危致命／临危致命
• 臨去秋波／临去秋波
• 臨問／临问
• 臨噎掘井／临噎掘井
• 臨場／临场 (línchǎng)
• 臨場感／临场感 (línchǎnggǎn)
• 臨寂／临寂
• 臨寢／临寝
• 臨寫／临写
• 臨屯／临屯 (Líntún)
• 臨崖勒馬／临崖勒马
• 臨川羨魚／临川羡鱼
• 臨帖／临帖 (líntiè)
• 臨年／临年
• 臨幸／临幸 (línxìng)
• 臨床／临床 (línchuáng)
• 臨床實驗／临床实验
• 臨床經驗／临床经验
• 臨床醫學／临床医学 (línchuáng yīxué)
• 臨急抱佛腳／临急抱佛脚 (línjí bào fójiǎo)
• 臨感／临感
• 臨摹／临摹 (línmó)
• 臨摹本／临摹本
• 臨政／临政
• 臨敵賣陣／临敌卖阵
• 臨文／临文
• 臨文不諱／临文不讳
• 臨時／临时 (línshí)
• 臨時動議／临时动议
• 臨時工／临时工 (línshígōng)
• 臨時政府／临时政府
• 臨時會／临时会
• 臨時條款／临时条款
• 臨書／临书
• 臨月／临月 (línyuè)
• 臨期／临期 (línqī)
• 臨朝／临朝 (líncháo)
• 臨期失誤／临期失误
• 臨本／临本 (línběn)
• 臨榆縣／临榆县
• 臨榻／临榻
• 臨機／临机
• 臨機制勝／临机制胜
• 臨機制變／临机制变
• 臨機應變／临机应变
• 臨機處置／临机处置
• 臨檢／临检
• 臨歧／临歧
• 臨死／临死 (línsǐ)
• 臨死不怯／临死不怯
• 臨死不恐／临死不恐 (línsǐbùkǒng)
• 臨水夫人／临水夫人
• 臨水登山／临水登山
• 臨江／临江 (Línjiāng)
• 臨池／临池
• 臨池學書／临池学书
• 臨江折軸／临江折轴
• 臨江驛／临江驿
• 臨沂／临沂 (Línyí)
• 臨河羨魚／临河羡鱼
• 臨深履冰／临深履冰
• 臨深履薄／临深履薄 (línshēnlǚbó)
• 臨淵履薄／临渊履薄
• 臨淵結網／临渊结网
• 臨淵羨魚／临渊羡鱼 (línyuānxiànyú)
• 臨渴掘井／临渴掘井 (línkějuéjǐng)
• 臨渴穿井／临渴穿井
• 臨滄／临沧 (Líncāng)
• 臨潼鬥寶／临潼斗宝
• 臨濟宗／临济宗
• 臨照／临照
• 臨界／临界 (línjiè)
• 臨界線／临界线
• 臨界點／临界点 (línjièdiǎn)
• 臨畫／临画
• 臨盆／临盆 (línpén)
• 臨眺／临眺
• 臨睡／临睡 (línshuì)
• 臨終／临终 (línzhōng)
• 臨終關懷／临终关怀 (línzhōng guānhuái)
• 臨蓐／临蓐 (línrù)
• 臨行／临行 (línxíng)
• 臨街／临街 (línjiē)
• 臨衝／临冲
• 臨財／临财
• 臨財不苟／临财不苟
• 臨財苟得／临财苟得
• 臨走／临走 (línzǒu)
• 臨軍對壘／临军对垒
• 臨軍對陣／临军对阵
• 臨軒／临轩
• 臨近／临近 (línjìn)
• 臨逼／临逼
• 臨邛縣／临邛县
• 臨門／临门 (línmén)
• 臨門一腳／临门一脚
• 臨陣／临阵 (línzhèn)
• 臨陣磨槍／临阵磨枪 (línzhènmóqiāng)
• 臨陣脫逃／临阵脱逃 (línzhèntuōtáo)
• 臨雍
• 臨難／临难 (línnàn)
• 臨難不屈／临难不屈
• 臨難不恐／临难不恐 (línnànbùkǒng)
• 臨難不懾／临难不慑
• 臨難不懼／临难不惧 (línnànbùjù)
• 臨難不避／临难不避
• 臨難無懾／临难无慑
• 臨難苟免／临难苟免 (línnàngǒumiǎn)
• 臨難鑄兵／临难铸兵
• 臨頭／临头 (líntóu)
• 臨風／临风
• 臨風對月／临风对月
• 臨風搖曳／临风摇曳
• 臨風顧盼／临风顾盼
• 臨食廢箸／临食废箸
• 蒞臨／莅临 (lìlín)
• 親臨／亲临 (qīnlín)
• 賁臨／贲临 (bìlín)
• 賵臨／赗临
• 身臨其境／身临其境 (shēnlínqíjìng)
• 軍臨城下／军临城下
• 迫臨／迫临 (pòlín)
• 逼臨／逼临
• 闔第光臨／阖第光临
• 降臨／降临 (jiànglín)
• 雙喜臨門／双喜临门 (shuāngxǐlínmén)
• 面臨／面临 (miànlín)
• 馬端臨／马端临
• 駕臨／驾临 (jiàlín)

 

Pronunciation 2

Rime
Character	臨
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	良鴆切
Baxter	limH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/liɪmH/
Pan Wuyun	/limH/
Shao Rongfen	/ljemH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/limH/
Li Rong	/liəmH/
Wang Li	/lĭĕmH/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯əmH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lìn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lam6

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	臨
Reading #	2/2
No.	9803
Phonetic component	品
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	臨
Old Chinese	/*b·rɯms/

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lìn (lin⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lam⁶

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lìn
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lìn
    • Wade–Giles: lin⁴
    • Yale: lìn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: linn
    • Palladius: линь (linʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lin⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: lam⁶
    • Yale: lahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lam⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lem⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐm²²/

---

• Middle Chinese: limH

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*b·rɯms/

Definitions

臨

1. (obsolete) to mourn for a deceased person; to wail in lamentation of a death

   • 吳子壽夢卒，臨於周廟。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     吴子寿梦卒，临于周庙。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Wú zǐ Shòumèng zú, lìn yú Zhōu miào. [Pinyin]

     Viscount Shoumeng of Wu died. He was mourned at the shrine of (King Wen of) Zhou.

Compounds

• 哀臨／哀临
• 哭臨／哭临

 

Etymology 2

trad.		臨
simp.		临
alternative forms		凜／凛 斂／敛

Pronunciation

• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lím

---

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lím
    • Tâi-lô: lím
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liem
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lim⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lim⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lim⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /lim⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lim⁴¹/

Definitions

臨 (Hokkien)

1. close (to an edge)
2. to approach; to get close to; to be almost

Compounds

• 臨墘／临墘
• 臨肥／临肥
• 臨臨仔／临临仔

 

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 臨

臨

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. look at
2. confront

Readings

• Go-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)^{←りん (rin, historical)←りむ (rimu, ancient)}
• Kan-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)^{←りん (rin, historical)←りむ (rimu, ancient)}
• Kun: のぞむ (nozomu, 臨む, Jōyō)

Korean

Hanja

臨 (eumhun 임할 림 (imhal rim), word-initial (South Korea) 임할 임 (imhal im))

1. hanja form^? of 림/임 (“draw near, approach”)
2. hanja form^? of 림/임 (“descend”)

Vietnamese

Han character

臨: Hán Nôm readings: lâm, lom

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