童
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Han character
童 (Kangxi radical 117, 立+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜廿田土 (YTWG), four-corner 00104, composition ⿱立里)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 871, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25775
- Dae Jaweon: page 1302, character 12
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2711, character 9
- Unihan data for U+7AE5
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 童 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
 |
 |
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| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 撞 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 幢 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 橦 | *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 噇 | *rdoːŋ |
| 𩪘 | *rdoːŋ |
| 艟 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 憧 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 畽 | *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ |
| 董 | *toːŋʔ |
| 蕫 | *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 箽 | *toːŋʔ |
| 懂 | *toːŋʔ |
| 湩 | *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs |
| 曈 | *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 童 | *doːŋ |
| 僮 | *doːŋ |
| 瞳 | *doːŋ |
| 罿 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 犝 | *doːŋ |
| 潼 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 穜 | *doːŋ, *doŋ |
| 動 | *doːŋʔ |
| 慟 | *doːŋs |
| 堹 | *toŋs |
| 諥 | *toŋs |
| 蹱 | *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ |
| 重 | *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs |
| 緟 | *doŋ, *doŋs |
| 蝩 | *doŋ |
| 褈 | *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 鐘 | *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 鍾 | *tjoŋ |
| 籦 | *tjoŋ |
| 種 | *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs |
| 腫 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 踵 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 歱 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 喠 | *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ |
| 偅 | *tjoŋs |
| 衝 | *tʰjoŋ |
| 揰 | *tʰjoŋs |
| 尰 | *djoŋʔ |
In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 䇂 (“chisel”) + 目 (“eye”) + 𡈼 (“person standing on soil”). It depicts a person getting their eye gouged out, a common punishment for slaves in ancient China. Compare 民, 臧.
In bronze inscriptions, the phonetic component 東 (OC *toːŋ) was added, making the character phono-semantic (形聲／形声) .
In the modern form 䇂 has corrupted into 立. The bottom 里 derives from 東 combining with 土, similar to 重.
Etymology
- “child; servant boy; virgin; bare”
- Löffler (1966) compares it to Kukish dong (“boy”); see also Rengmitca tong-kléng' (“boy”), Areng thon-dén (“boy”) (Löffler, 1960). Schuessler (2007) also compares it to Hmong-Mien: White Hmong tub (“son”), Iu Mien dorn (“son”).
- “shaman”
- Norman and Mei (1976) proposed that the Min Chinese word for “shaman” (*-dəŋA), written as 童, is from an Austroasiatic substratum, cognate with Vietnamese đồng, Mon ဒံၚ် (tòŋ, “to dance while under daemonic possession; to proceed by leaps”), ဒေါၚ် (tòŋ, “shaman called in to organise kəlok dances”). This is rebutted in Sagart (2008), who cited the wide distribution of the sense “magician; sorcerer” in late 19th-century & early 20th-century Chinese and the secondary meaning of 童 as “servant; messenger”, describing the resemblance between the Min and Austroasiatic terms as “undoubtedly fortuitous”.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): tong2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): tung2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): tung1
- Northern Min (KCR): tô̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): dùng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6don
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dong2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tóng
- Wade–Giles: tʻung2
- Yale: túng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: torng
- Palladius: тун (tun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰʊŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: tong2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tung
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰoŋ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: tung4
- Yale: tùhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: tung4
- Guangdong Romanization: tung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰʊŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: huung3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɵŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: tung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰuŋ²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thùng
- Hakka Romanization System: tungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: tung2
- Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: tung
- Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: tung1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰuŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tô̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɔŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: dùng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tuŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- tâng - vernacular;
- tông - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: dang5 / tong5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tâng / thông
- Sinological IPA (key): /taŋ⁵⁵/, /tʰoŋ⁵⁵/
- (Teochew)
- dang5 - vernacular ("possessed“);
- tong5 - literary.
Note:
- Middle Chinese: duwng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤoŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*doːŋ/
Definitions
童
Compounds
- 上清童子 (shàngqīng tóngzǐ)
- 乩童 (jītóng)
- 五尺之童
- 仙童
- 仙童仙女
- 低幼兒童／低幼儿童
- 兒童／儿童 (értóng)
- 兒童受虐／儿童受虐
- 兒童學／儿童学
- 兒童文學／儿童文学
- 兒童樂園／儿童乐园 (értóng lèyuán)
- 兒童畫／儿童画
- 兒童福利／儿童福利
- 兒童節／儿童节 (Értóngjié)
- 冥童
- 凡童
- 反老還童／反老还童
- 問題兒童／问题儿童
- 善才童子
- 報事靈童／报事灵童
- 報童／报童 (bàotóng)
- 天才兒童／天才儿童
- 失依兒童／失依儿童
- 失教兒童／失教儿童
- 奇童 (qítóng)
- 女童 (nǚtóng)
- 女童子軍／女童子军
- 女童軍／女童军 (nǚ tóngjūn)
- 孌童／娈童 (luántóng)
- 子童
- 孩童 (háitóng)
- 學童／学童 (xuétóng)
- 安童
- 安童哥
- 家童
- 小童 (xiǎotóng)
- 尼童子
- 幸童
- 幼童 (yòutóng)
- 幼童軍／幼童军
- 成童
- 文童
- 早熟兒童／早熟儿童
- 格林童話／格林童话
- 牛童馬走／牛童马走
- 牧童 (mùtóng)
- 特殊兒童／特殊儿童
- 狂童
- 狡童
- 玉童
- 球童 (qiútóng)
- 琴童 (qíntóng)
- 男童 (nántóng)
- 病童 (bìngtóng)
- 白叟黃童／白叟黄童
- 碧眼童顏／碧眼童颜 (bìyǎntóngyán)
- 神童 (shéntóng)
- 稚童
- 童便 (tóngbiàn)
- 童僕／童仆 (tóngpú)
- 童叟無欺／童叟无欺 (tóngsǒuwúqī)
- 童天王
- 童女 (tóngnǚ)
- 童婢
- 童子 (tóngzǐ)
- 童子崗／童子岗
- 童子癆／童子痨 (tóngzǐláo)
- 童子試／童子试
- 童子軍／童子军 (tóngzǐjūn)
- 童子軍節／童子军节
- 童山 (tóngshān)
- 童山濯濯
- 童工 (tónggōng)
- 童年 (tóngnián)
- 童心 (tóngxīn)
- 童心未泯 (tóngxīnwèimǐn)
- 童昏
- 童星 (tóngxīng)
- 童歌 (tónggē)
- 童烏／童乌
- 童牛角馬／童牛角马
- 童玩
- 童生 (tóngshēng)
- 童男
- 童男女
- 童男童女 (tóngnántóngnǚ)
- 童真 (tóngzhēn)
- 童稚 (tóngzhì)
- 童童 (tóngtóng)
- 童聲／童声 (tóngshēng)
- 童蒙 (tóngméng)
- 童蒙訓／童蒙训
- 童裝／童装 (tóngzhuāng)
- 童言無忌／童言无忌 (tóngyánwújì)
- 童話／童话 (tónghuà)
- 童話劇／童话剧
- 童語／童语
- 童謠／童谣 (tóngyáo)
- 童貞／童贞 (tóngzhēn)
- 童貫／童贯
- 童趣
- 童身
- 童軍／童军 (tóngjūn)
- 童農／童农
- 童顏／童颜 (tóngyán)
- 童顏鶴髮／童颜鹤发 (tóngyánhèfà)
- 童養媳／童养媳 (tóngyǎngxí)
- 童騃／童𫘤 (tóng'ái)
- 童黨／童党 (tóngdǎng)
- 老頑童／老顽童
- 耆童
- 花童
- 蒙童 (méngtóng)
- 行童
- 返老歸童／返老归童
- 返老還童／返老还童 (fǎnlǎohuántóng)
- 道童
- 金童
- 金童玉女 (jīntóngyùnǚ)
- 靈童／灵童 (língtóng)
- 頑童／顽童 (wántóng)
- 頭童齒豁／头童齿豁
- 馬童／马童
- 鶴髮童顏／鹤发童颜 (hèfàtóngyán)
- 麒麟童
- 黃童／黄童
- 黃童白叟／黄童白叟
- 齒豁頭童／齿豁头童
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