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童
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
童 (Kangxi radical 117, 立+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 卜廿田土 (YTWG), four-corner 00104, composition ⿱立里)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 871, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25775
- Dae Jaweon: page 1302, character 12
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2711, character 9
- Unihan data for U+7AE5
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Chinese
Glyph origin
In oracle bone inscriptions, ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 䇂 (“chisel”) + 見 (“kneeling person with a huge eye”). It depicts a person getting their eye (目) gouged out, a common punishment for slaves in ancient China. Compare 民, 臧.
In bronze inscriptions, the phonetic component 東 (OC *toːŋ) was added, making the character phono-semantic (形聲 / 形声).
In the modern form 䇂 has corrupted into 立. The bottom 里 derives from 東 combining with 土, similar to 重.
Etymology
- “child; servant boy; virgin; bare”
- Löffler (1966) compares it to Kukish dong (“boy”); see also Rengmitca tong-kléng' (“boy”), Areng thon-dén (“boy”) (Löffler, 1960). Schuessler (2007) also compares it to Hmong-Mien: White Hmong tub (“son”), Iu Mien dorn (“son”).
- “shaman”
- Norman and Mei (1976) proposed that the Min Chinese word for “shaman” (*-dəŋA), written as 童, is from an Austroasiatic substratum, cognate with Vietnamese đồng, Mon ဒံၚ် (tòŋ, “to dance while under daemonic possession; to proceed by leaps”), ဒေါၚ် (tòŋ, “shaman called in to organise kəlok dances”). This is rebutted in Sagart (2008), who cited the wide distribution of the sense “magician; sorcerer” in late 19th-century & early 20th-century Chinese and the secondary meaning of 童 as “servant; messenger”, describing the resemblance between the Min and Austroasiatic terms as “undoubtedly fortuitous”.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): tung2
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): tung1
- Northern Min (KCR): tô̤ng
- Eastern Min (BUC): dùng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6don
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dong2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: tóng
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: tóng
- Wade–Giles: tʻung2
- Yale: túng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: torng
- Palladius: тун (tun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰʊŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: tong2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tung
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰoŋ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: tung4
- Yale: tùhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: tung4
- Guangdong Romanization: tung4
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰʊŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: huung3
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɵŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: tung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰuŋ²⁴/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thùng
- Hakka Romanization System: tungˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: tung2
- Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: tung
- Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: tung1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tʰuŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tô̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰɔŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: dùng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tuŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- tâng - vernacular;
- tông - literary (incl. surname);
- thâng - alternative reading for surname sense.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: dang5 / tong5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tâng / thông
- Sinological IPA (key): /taŋ⁵⁵/, /tʰoŋ⁵⁵/
- (Teochew)
- dang5 - vernacular ("possessed“);
- tong5 - literary.
Note:
- Middle Chinese: duwng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤoŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*doːŋ/
Definitions
童
- child
- young servant; servant boy
- (Min, dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu) shaman
- virgin
- bald; bare; exposed
- 頭童齒豁，竟死何裨！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: c. 812~813, Han Yu, An Explication of “Progress in Learning” (《進學解》), translated by Charles Hartman
- Tóu tóng chǐ huò, jìng sǐ hé bì! [Pinyin]
- Your head's gone bald,
your teeth are gapped;
and things'll never get better
till the day you die.
头童齿豁，竟死何裨！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]- 今齊魯間松林盡矣，漸至太行、京西、江南，松山大半皆童矣。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]
- From: c. 1088 CE, Shen Kuo, Dream Pool Essays
- Jīn Qí Lǔ jiān sōnglín jìn yǐ, jiàn zhì Tàiháng, jīng xī, jiāngnán, sōngshān dàbàn jiē tóng yǐ. [Pinyin]
- Today, the pine forests between Qi and Lu (nowadays Shandong) are depleted. Gradually, even in Taihang, the west of the capital, and Jiangnan, most of the pine-covered mountains have become barren.
今齐鲁间松林尽矣，渐至太行、京西、江南，松山大半皆童矣。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]
- a surname
- 12th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "youthfulness" (𝌑)
Compounds
- 上清童子 (shàngqīng tóngzǐ)
- 乩童 (jītóng)
- 五尺之童
- 仙童
- 仙童仙女
- 低幼兒童 / 低幼儿童
- 兒童 / 儿童 (értóng)
- 兒童受虐 / 儿童受虐
- 兒童學 / 儿童学
- 兒童文學 / 儿童文学 (értóng wénxué)
- 兒童樂園 / 儿童乐园 (értóng lèyuán)
- 兒童畫 / 儿童画
- 兒童福利 / 儿童福利
- 兒童節 / 儿童节 (Értóngjié)
- 冥童
- 凡童
- 反老還童 / 反老还童
- 問題兒童 / 问题儿童
- 善才童子
- 報事靈童 / 报事灵童
- 報童 / 报童 (bàotóng)
- 天才兒童 / 天才儿童
- 失依兒童 / 失依儿童
- 失教兒童 / 失教儿童
- 奇童 (qítóng)
- 女童 (nǚtóng)
- 女童子軍 / 女童子军
- 女童軍 / 女童军 (nǚ tóngjūn)
- 孌童 / 娈童 (luántóng)
- 子童
- 孩童 (háitóng)
- 學童 / 学童 (xuétóng)
- 安童
- 安童哥
- 家童
- 小童 (xiǎotóng)
- 尼童子
- 幸童
- 幼童 (yòutóng)
- 幼童軍 / 幼童军
- 成童
- 文童
- 早熟兒童 / 早熟儿童
- 格林童話 / 格林童话
- 牛童馬走 / 牛童马走
- 牧童 (mùtóng)
- 特殊兒童 / 特殊儿童
- 狂童
- 狡童
- 玉童
- 球童 (qiútóng)
- 琴童 (qíntóng)
- 男童 (nántóng)
- 病童 (bìngtóng)
- 白叟黃童 / 白叟黄童
- 碧眼童顏 / 碧眼童颜 (bìyǎntóngyán)
- 神童 (shéntóng)
- 稚童
- 童便 (tóngbiàn)
- 童僕 / 童仆 (tóngpú)
- 童叟無欺 / 童叟无欺 (tóngsǒuwúqī)
- 童天王
- 童女 (tóngnǚ)
- 童婢
- 童子 (tóngzǐ)
- 童子崗 / 童子岗
- 童子癆 / 童子痨 (tóngzǐláo)
- 童子試 / 童子试
- 童子軍 / 童子军 (tóngzǐjūn)
- 童子軍節 / 童子军节
- 童山 (tóngshān)
- 童山濯濯
- 童工 (tónggōng)
- 童年 (tóngnián)
- 童心 (tóngxīn)
- 童心未泯 (tóngxīnwèimǐn)
- 童昏
- 童星 (tóngxīng)
- 童歌 (tónggē)
- 童烏 / 童乌
- 童牛角馬 / 童牛角马
- 童玩
- 童生 (tóngshēng)
- 童男
- 童男女
- 童男童女 (tóngnántóngnǚ)
- 童真 (tóngzhēn)
- 童稚 (tóngzhì)
- 童童 (tóngtóng)
- 童聲 / 童声 (tóngshēng)
- 童蒙 (tóngméng)
- 童蒙訓 / 童蒙训
- 童裝 / 童装 (tóngzhuāng)
- 童言無忌 / 童言无忌 (tóngyánwújì)
- 童話 / 童话 (tónghuà)
- 童話劇 / 童话剧
- 童語 / 童语
- 童謠 / 童谣 (tóngyáo)
- 童貞 / 童贞 (tóngzhēn)
- 童貫 / 童贯
- 童趣 (tóngqù)
- 童身
- 童軍 / 童军 (tóngjūn)
- 童農 / 童农
- 童顏 / 童颜 (tóngyán)
- 童顏鶴髮 / 童颜鹤发 (tóngyánhèfà)
- 童養媳 / 童养媳 (tóngyǎngxí)
- 童騃 / 童𫘤 (tóng'ái)
- 童黨 / 童党 (tóngdǎng)
- 老頑童 / 老顽童 (lǎowántóng)
- 耆童
- 花童
- 蒙童 (méngtóng)
- 行童
- 返老歸童 / 返老归童
- 返老還童 / 返老还童 (fǎnlǎohuántóng)
- 道童
- 金童
- 金童玉女 (jīntóngyùnǚ)
- 靈童 / 灵童 (língtóng)
- 頑童 / 顽童 (wántóng)
- 頭童齒豁 / 头童齿豁
- 馬童 / 马童
- 鶴髮童顏 / 鹤发童颜 (hèfàtóngyán)
- 麒麟童
- 黃童 / 黄童
- 黃童白叟 / 黄童白叟
- 齒豁頭童 / 齿豁头童
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