及
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Han character
及 (Kangxi radical 29, 又+2 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 又+1 in mainland China and Japanese, 4 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 3 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 弓竹水 (NHE), four-corner 17247, composition ⿻⿹㇋丿乀(GHJV or U+2F836) or ⿸⿱㇇丿又(TK))
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 165, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3118
- Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 17
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 35, character 1
- Unihan data for U+53CA
- Unihan data for U+2F836
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 及 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 又 (“hand”) – a hand grabbing a person.
Etymology
Possibly connected to Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to arrive at”) or Jingpho khap (“to carry, to reach”) (Starostin and Peiros, 1996) or less likely to Tibetan འགྲུབ་པ ('grub pa) ~ འགྲུབ ('grub, “to make ready”), སྒྲུབ་པ (sgrub pa) ~ བསྒྲུབ (bsgrub, “to complete, achieve”), གྲུབ་པ (grub pa, “complete”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Possibly departing tone derivations are 暨 (jì, “to attain, to reach”), 迄 (qì, “to reach to”), and 既 (jì, “already”) (Yu, 1948, Baxter, 1992). However, see those entries for more.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jie2 / ji2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): qit7
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jieh5
- Northern Min (KCR): gĭ
- Eastern Min (BUC): gĭk
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gih7
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ji6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jí
- Wade–Giles: chi2
- Yale: jí
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jyi
- Palladius: цзи (czi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jie2 / ji2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gie / gi
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiɛ²¹/, /t͡ɕi²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kap6 / gap6
- Yale: kahp / gahp
- Cantonese Pinyin: kap9 / gap9
- Guangdong Romanization: keb6 / geb6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɐp̚²/, /kɐp̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: giap5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiap̚³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qit7
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰit̚²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khi̍p
- Hakka Romanization System: kib
- Hagfa Pinyim: kib6
- Sinological IPA: /kʰip̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jieh5
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵⁴/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gĭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ki²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gĭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gih7
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gih7
- Sinological IPA (key): /kiʔ²⁴/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note: khi̍p - “to hold something tightly”.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: gip
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[m-k-]rəp/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡrɯb/
Definitions
及
- to reach; to extend to; to reach the level of
- 觸手可及／触手可及 ― chùshǒukějí ― at one's fingertips; within reach (literally, "can be reached by the touch of hand")
- 及格 ― jígé ― to pass (i.e., to reach the grade for passing)
- to catch up; to be in time
- to be equal; to be comparable; to match
- 愚不可及 ― yúbùkějí ― foolish beyond reach; unmatched foolishness
- and; as well as
- 以及 ― yǐjí ― as well as
- (Hokkien) to hold something tightly with one's five fingers
- a surname
Synonyms
Compounds
- 三元及第
- 不及 (bùjí)
- 不可企及 (bùkě qǐjí)
- 不可及 (bùkějí)
- 不足齒及／不足齿及
- 世及
- 以及 (yǐjí)
- 企及 (qǐjí)
- 來不及／来不及 (láibùjí)
- 來得及／来得及 (láidejí)
- 信及豚魚／信及豚鱼
- 兄死弟及
- 兄終弟及／兄终弟及 (xiōngzhōngdìjí)
- 八及
- 劍及履及／剑及履及
- 力所能及 (lìsuǒnéngjí)
- 危及 (wēijí)
- 又及
- 及今
- 及冠
- 及早 (jízǎo)
- 及時／及时 (jíshí)
- 及時行樂／及时行乐 (jíshíxínglè)
- 及時雨／及时雨 (jíshíyǔ)
- 及期
- 及格 (jígé)
- 及熱釜炊／及热釜炊
- 及物動詞／及物动词 (jíwù dòngcí)
- 及瓜
- 及瓜而代
- 及第 (jídì)
- 及第花
- 及笄 (jíjī)
- 及鋒／及锋
- 及鋒而試／及锋而试
- 及門／及门
- 及齡／及龄 (jílíng)
- 唯恐不及
- 噬臍何及／噬脐何及
- 噬臍無及／噬脐无及
- 噬臍莫及／噬脐莫及
- 埃及 (Āijí)
- 埃及曆／埃及历
- 央及 (yāngjí)
- 奈及利亞／奈及利亚 (Nàijílìyà)
- 始料不及 (shǐliàobùjí)
- 始料未及 (shǐliàowèijí)
- 屨及劍及／屦及剑及
- 後悔不及／后悔不及
- 後悔何及／后悔何及
- 後悔無及／后悔无及
- 後悔莫及／后悔莫及 (hòuhuǐmòjí)
- 恕己及人
- 恕己及物
- 悔之不及
- 悔之亡及
- 悔之何及
- 悔之無及／悔之无及
- 悔之莫及 (huǐzhīmòjí)
- 惠及 (huìjí)
- 愚不可及 (yúbùkějí)
- 愛屋及烏／爱屋及乌 (àiwūjíwū)
- 措不及防
- 推及
- 推己及人 (tuījǐjírén)
- 措手不及 (cuòshǒubùjí)
- 提及 (tíjí)
- 擴及／扩及
- 料及 (liàojí)
- 旁及
- 普及 (pǔjí)
- 普及教育
- 普及本
- 普及率 (pǔjílǜ)
- 望塵不及／望尘不及
- 望塵莫及／望尘莫及 (wàngchénmòjí)
- 朝不及夕
- 未及 (wèijí)
- 榮名及親／荣名及亲
- 殃及池魚／殃及池鱼 (yāngjíchíyú)
- 比及
- 沒及奈何／没及奈何
- 波及 (bōjí)
- 波及無辜／波及无辜
- 涉及 (shèjí)
- 澤及／泽及
- 澤及枯骨／泽及枯骨
- 無及／无及 (wújí)
- 無所不及／无所不及
- 狀元及第／状元及第
- 狧糠及米
- 猝不及防 (cùbùjífáng)
- 目光所及
- 萬不及一／万不及一
- 等不及 (děngbùjí)
- 累及 (lěijí)
- 聯科及第／联科及第
- 舐糠及米
- 行不及言
- 觸及／触及 (chùjí)
- 觸手可及／触手可及 (chùshǒukějí)
- 觸目所及／触目所及
- 言不及私
- 言不及義／言不及义 (yánbùjíyì)
- 詐奸不及
- 論及婚嫁／论及婚嫁
- 謀及婦人／谋及妇人
- 走及奔馬／走及奔马
- 趕不及／赶不及 (gǎnbùjí)
- 趕得及／赶得及 (gǎndejí)
- 迫不及待 (pòbùjídài)
- 追悔不及
- 追悔何及
- 追駟不及／追驷不及
- 進士及第／进士及第 (jìnshì jídì)
- 遍及 (biànjí)
- 過猶不及／过犹不及 (guòyóubùjí)
- 遙不可及／遥不可及
- 阿爾及爾／阿尔及尔 (Ā'ěrjí'ěr)
- 雞不及鳳／鸡不及凤
- 鞭不及腹
- 鞭長莫及／鞭长莫及 (biānchángmòjí)
- 顧及／顾及 (gùjí)
- 馬不及鞍／马不及鞍 (mǎ bùjí ān)
- 駟不及舌／驷不及舌
- 齒及／齿及 (chǐjí)
Descendants
References
- “及”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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